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Airline Flying, Once Daring Now Dull - Washington Post

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Old 17th Dec 2003, 22:59
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Airline Flying, Once Daring Now Dull - Washington Post

The Pilot's Role Goes From Daring to Dull

By Don Phillips

Washington Post Staff Writer

Wednesday, December 17, 2003; Page A01

A century after the Wright brothers launched the aviation era with a daring and wobbly 12-second flight over North Carolina, the work of a commercial pilot is, a lot of the time, about as exciting as that of a systems manager.

Pilots at the major airlines today are surrounded by computerized navigation and safety equipment that does much of their flying for them. They get loud warnings if their plane is on a collision course with another plane or the ground. Autopilot systems can follow a set course between continents and land on the center line of a runway thousands of miles away. Some of the best landings -- the smooth ones that leave passengers applauding -- are executed by "autoland."

Much of a pilot's time in the air is spent watching instruments, managing computers or just relaxing. On intercontinental flights that last as long as 20 hours, four pilots rotate with only one takeoff and one landing to hone their flying skills. So tranquil has a long-distance pilot's life become that airline officials have spent considerable money and time figuring out ways to keep pilots awake, alert and engaged.

"I think a lot of them are bored to death," said Curtis Graeber, Boeing's chief engineer for human factors.

During periodic training -- usually twice a year for captains, annually for first officers -- realistic cockpit simulators subject crews to many hours of the tedium of automated flight, with trainers assessing the psychological stress. It is rare, but to the consternation of the trainers -- and even though they know they're under surveillance -- pilots occasionally fall asleep in the simulator.

Today thousands of people will gather on the sands of Kill Devil Hills near Kitty Hawk, N.C., to celebrate the 100th anniversary of powered flight, and the genius and tenacity of Orville and Wilbur Wright. Today's pilots face different challenges. And a hundred years from now, at the bicentennial of flight, aviation experts say, airplanes may not carry pilots at all.

Critical Moments


Several times a month, United Airlines pilot Gordon Cohen roars down a runway at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport in a Boeing 747-400 that is itself almost twice as long as the distance of the Wright brothers' first flight. On his nearly 16-hour trip to Hong Kong he will manage a cockpit of computers, marvel at the beauty of the polar ice cap, and perhaps talk to a Russian air traffic controller named Igor who always wants to know, "How are the Cubs?" or "How are the Bears? "

Cohen, who also trains other 747 pilots, said he has no trouble staying engaged in the cockpit because he loves to fly. He instructs his co-pilots not to read and tries to keep them engaged in conversation. He scans the instruments frequently. "Yes, the plane will tell you when something is wrong," he said, but there is no substitute for remaining constantly alert.

"There's always something going on," he said. "There are passenger problems. Not five minutes goes by without a call from downstairs. There's a city down there. You're also looking at the wonders of the world."

But Cohen's job satisfaction is far from universal. A 1999 confidential survey by Australia's Bureau of Air Safety Investigation found that 32 percent of the pilots reported that they had inadvertently fallen asleep in highly automated cockpits. And 36 percent said they were bored with the low workload at cruise level.

Yet that same survey showed that 48 percent ("higher than expected") had experienced abnormal or emergency situations -- flight control problems, engine failures, instrument malfunctions, hydraulic and electrical failures. These are the moments when a pilot must use every bit of training and expertise and manually assume control of the aircraft.

Some pilots never experience such a moment in a long career of flying.

Cohen had one last spring. As he was nearing Minneapolis toward the end of a Hong Kong-to-Chicago flight, he discovered that his plane's ailerons -- a critical flight control that allows the plane to turn -- had stopped functioning. Able to make only slight turns, he declared an emergency, giving him priority with air traffic control, and considered whether to try an unscheduled landing at Minneapolis-St. Paul. He prepared passengers for an emergency landing.

"Then I saw that I was conveniently lined up with Runway 14R in Chicago," he said. There would be no need to turn, so he went straight in for an uneventful landing.

"It turned out to be a nonevent, thank God," he said. "This is what they pay me for."

The Cali Crash


The greatest automation disaster -- the one now recognized as a turning point in automated cockpit safety -- occurred on Dec. 21, 1995, when an American Airlines Boeing 757 crashed into a mountain near Cali, Colombia, killing 160 people.

An investigation showed that the crew, flying on a moonless night with no lights on the ground, had programmed the wrong coordinates into the flight computer -- simple human error. The cockpit voice recorder showed that they had been discussing hotel arrangements in Cali at the time. The plane did what it was told, turning gently toward the surrounding mountains. By the time the crew discovered its mistake, it was too late

The Cali disaster was one of a series of crashes in the 1990s caused by such an error in the new automated cockpit. One tiny mistake can have disastrous consequences if the pilot isn't paying close attention. And surveys show that 60 percent of pilots refer to their paper charts far less in automated cockpits.

On Jan. 20, 1992, an Air Inter Airbus A320 slammed into a mountain ridge near Strasbourg, France, killing 87 people. Investigators quickly saw that the plane was descending far too rapidly in thick clouds, but they didn't know why. It turned out to be a simple programming error: Instead of typing in a 3.3 degree angle of descent, which equals about 800 feet per minute, the crew typed in a 3,300 feet-per-minute descent rate.

In each case, the crew would have punched in "-3.3." But first they needed to pick which mode -- degrees or feet per second. They chose the wrong one. Airbus immediately redesigned the display.

These crashes and others led the Federal Aviation Authority and NASA to consider certifying the way that pilots and technology work together in the cockpit, just as the FAA certifies all major systems on an aircraft. The first of several proposed rules -- on designing technology to prevent misunderstandings rather than to foster them -- is due to be published soon. Other rules will deal with training and flight operations.

"People are always going to make errors," said Kathy Abbott, chairman of the committee formed in 1996 to propose rules. "People are always going to mistype. You have to look at why they mistyped it."

Airlines have come up with a host of measures to combat fatigue, urging pilots to time their coffee consumption to when they need it most and suggesting certain sleep-and-rest cycles in off-duty periods that can help them stay alert in flight. Some airlines require their pilots to calculate the plane's position using paper charts, then compare it with the computer results.

Major airlines supply pilots on very long flights with a soundproof, humidity-controlled sleeping compartment to help them get real rest in their off hours.

One of the most effective fatigue countermeasures, used worldwide but not in the United States, is controlled cockpit napping, in which one pilot takes a 45-minute nap sitting in his seat. Studies have shown this to be of real value in fighting fatigue.

However, each time the FAA has proposed such a plan for U.S. airlines, the White House, Democrat and Republican, has quashed it for fear of a backlash from the flying public.

Evolution


A joke making the rounds in aviation circles:

Question: What will be the cockpit crew of the future?

Answer: A human and a dog. The human's job will be to feed the dog, and the dog's job will be to bite the human if he touches anything.

Airplane technology has advanced in bursts. The first pilots, like the Wright brothers, were more mechanics than aviators. "Everybody built their own airplane," said John Cox, executive air safety chairman for the Air Line Pilots Association.

By the time the jet engine was introduced in the 1950s, piloting had become a regulated profession rather than a loose-knit gang of barnstormers. When automation came around, it made pilots into computer jockeys who can pinpoint a landing site thousands of miles away.

"We now navigate routinely to a piece of concrete runway one meter square," Cox said

In the 1940s up to four crew members were required in the cockpit -- a flight engineer, a navigator and two pilots. Sometimes there was a fifth -- a radio operator.

Will the time come when one pilot is enough?

"I think at some point we'll probably get there," said John K. Lauber, vice president for safety and technical affairs for Airbus. "It'll be after I retire."

No pilot at all?

That's already happening in the military. The planes are called drones, and they have performed intelligence functions and dropped precision-guided bombs in Iraq. During wartime, aviation often takes great leaps forward that later filter through to the civilian world.

But many experts think the human element can never be taken out of the cockpit.

"I don't think in the foreseeable future this thing called airmanship will become obsolete," Lauber said. "It is not a perfectly predictable world out there."

"I still believe very much in the human ability to smooth over the bumps," Boeing's Graeber said.

But where will that human be? Some think it might be on the ground, in front of screens controlling aircraft like some video game.

"The fact that pilots are not on planes," said Abbott, "doesn't mean they aren't pilots."


http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn...2003Dec16.html
Airbubba is offline  
Old 17th Dec 2003, 23:15
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AirBubba I'm surprised at you for posting such nonsense. Some halfwit journo reads the 'Ladybird guide to Flying' and hey presto produces a synopsis of what the future holds for aviation.

Tabloid prattle.
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Old 17th Dec 2003, 23:20
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Tell that to the guys flying into Baghdad.
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Old 17th Dec 2003, 23:47
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...............and the journalists wonder why we have no respect for them when they publish cr*p like this. What a load of inaccurate b*ll*cks!

In an esteemed publication like The Washington Post as well! The really irritating thing about it is the way they take elements of the truth then mix them in with their own imaginings to come up with a story that appears plausible to the public looking for a sensational story.

Great way for them to celebrate 100 years of flight.......
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Old 18th Dec 2003, 00:14
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One of the most effective fatigue countermeasures, used worldwide but not in the United States, is controlled cockpit napping, in which one pilot takes a 45-minute nap sitting in his seat. Studies have shown this to be of real value in fighting fatigue.
LOL.

A great tip for the EGCC/EGKK route
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Old 18th Dec 2003, 01:53
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Cool

W.r.t. During periodic training -- usually twice a year for captains, annually for first officers -- realistic cockpit simulators subject crews to many hours of the tedium of automated flight, with trainers assessing the psychological stress. It is rare, but to the consternation of the trainers -- and even though they know they're under surveillance -- pilots occasionally fall asleep in the simulator.

Really ?!

Well every six months when I have to go to the sim the engines never start normally and / or bursts into flames on takeoff, the landing gear won't come up, the guy in the other seat dies, the weather at the departure airport suddenly becomes Cat III and at the take-off alternate it's 'just about' Cat I, some of the navigation instruments fail, all the generators pack-up so I'm now on the battery power alone, I'm in icing conditions, the flight controls jam, the under carriage collapses when I land, I have to initiate a full evacuation, and then....... we stop for a quick cup tea / coffee before getting back in the sim for some more of the same !

So, boring and falling asleep ? Yeah, right !
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Old 18th Dec 2003, 01:59
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I have heard it said, and I think that there is truth in it, that most of us are attracted by the concept of flying because we view it as, amongst other things, exciting, challenging and thrilling. The truth is that we are trained and strive to make it as routine and uneventful as possible; it can be difficult to reconcile expectation and reality, especially when faced with out of the ordinary situations.

I don't want to be bored when flying, the SLF doesn't want me to be bored. Perhaps the challenge is to know enough to make the most challenging situations uneventful.
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Old 18th Dec 2003, 03:31
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Come on, guys, don`t you at least see some thruth in it?
Aren`t you ever bored up there? I sure am. (short haul Europe).

Of course not all of the time, but there is some truth in Curt Graeber`s words. By the way, not a person who`s views are inconsequential.

Recognising the risks involved with fatigue and boredom isn`t such a bad thing.
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Old 18th Dec 2003, 04:46
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What I want to know is, where is 411A when you need him... pilots paid too much... don't do any work... replace them with monkeys... yada yada yada....
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Old 18th Dec 2003, 07:13
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Cool

He's got a point though. It is becoming a dull profession. The majority of the guys posting here aren't actually doing it for a living and they don't know. Route variety and job satis is waining and large numbers of guys are retiring early. Don't shoot the messengers.

Is it really the proffession it once was? Sure, you've got to be on the ball but only about 5% of the time is it actually stimulating work. Let's face it, nav's a dying art, planes are v reliable and characters are actively being weeded out! The hours are going through the roof, the conditions are going down. Yeah it's still a good job but he has got a point!
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Old 18th Dec 2003, 12:43
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Question

The journalist quoted up there by Airbubba has done some research and expressed some of the truths about the industry-but these are only one or two segments of our industry, and are easily taken out of context by the uninformed. Does he also mention the brand-new flying concepts (a totally different way of flying...) plus tons of systems info which must be learned and then adapted to various airports/arrivals (MCO/LAX/SFO/SEA/LGA/YYZ...a go-around in the mountains of Las Vegas at night, which are not presented accurately, if at all, on any cockpit displays? EGE procedures ?!!!) ?

But what journalist has written about the high-workload, multiple flights which span a ten or thirteen-hour duty period without rest, following a total of about eight hours in a hotel, busily doing multiple checklists (with constant interruptions) while switching navigational courses on narrowbody planes which have NO vertical or lateral, not even autothrottle automation? There are still many hundreds of jet and turboprop (propjet) planes flying each day, which were built before the famous "glass cockpits".

Thousands of these crews often fly 5-8 legs in one continuous duty period; and often trying to avoid bad weather without somehow getting low on fuel...trying to avoid landing on the wrong ( the nearest) identical parallel runway or airport......and if a hydraulic, fuel pump, or instrument fails, you are often at high altitude as the (fatigued) flying/handling pilot is at the controls, mostly SOLO (at 280-500 mph/380-700 kph), while the only other pilot looks into a thick book for the correct procedure which might or might not fix the problem. The procedure does not always match the indications.


Last edited by Ignition Override; 19th Dec 2003 at 09:35.
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Old 18th Dec 2003, 15:10
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He does have some points.
I know of at least one major airline where an inop autopilot is a grounding item.
And minima are raised if the approach is flown raw data.
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Old 18th Dec 2003, 15:52
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I know of many more airlines where 3 autopilots inop is not a no-go item, and the limits are the same for Cat 1 autocoupled, flight director or raw data approaches.

In my experience even the best autolands are not as good as the best manual landings, and the average manual landing is better than the average autoland.

I had an engine fail at V1 once, love to have seen the automatics handle that one!
 
Old 19th Dec 2003, 02:32
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Smile Consider the Source

As I live in Washington DC and read the Washington Post on occasion, I can assure you that this newspaper is one of the most liberal publications in the country. Its editors and writers have viewpoints completely counter to any profession which they perceive to be too-highly compensated, or are too happy in such endeavors, regardless of the demand and skill of the profession. The liberal establishment in the United States, of which the Washington Post is a prime mover, works hard to spread misery wherever it can. You are not supposed to achieve happiness and high self esteem through hard work, discipline and skill. You are supposed to be granted those things directly from the government or from your teacher in school, for example. One more point - particular disfavor is shown by the Washington Post if said profession requires the wearing of a uniform. Consequently, I wouldn't worry too much about a Washington Post story on job satisfaction levels of airline pilots.
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Old 19th Dec 2003, 03:29
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Locked into a 2 person flight deck.

Bug.gered around by security jobsworths, yellowcoat police and other irritants.

Worked to the limit by a clever rostering computer.

Little play time down route in comfy hotels; usually just min ground time.

Threatened with sobriety, drug screening, personality profiling etc etc

Run by smarmy suits with not a drop of Avtur in their blood..


No thanks. Orville and Wilbur, you should have stuck with bikes!
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Old 19th Dec 2003, 05:21
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Really, Beags? You must work for a very nasty airline! Oh, sorry, forgot - you don't work for one and, if memory serves, never have?

Hey, it may be boring, but if it was as as your post suggested, I for one would already be on my plumbing course!
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Old 19th Dec 2003, 06:04
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“cockpit simulators subject crews to many hours of the tedium of automated flight”

I wonder where that little gem came from, doesn’t sound like any sim ride I’ve ever had? Twice a year, our paychecks come on the line during those rides, another two times a year the medical people have a serious go at us, the bean counters are hacking away at pay and benefits constantly, and every once in a while some head case tries to blow the machine up to further some or other religious and/or political agenda. It’s really romantic, by the way, to lay around in Lagos a few days, see the sights, take in an opera or two.

It’s a wacky world we live in, I probably do it because I love it.
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Old 19th Dec 2003, 16:18
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You're right, scroggs, my 6000 hours 4-jet time was mostly spent doing things far more interesting than people-hauling. But I did enough of that on the '10 and chatted with enough ex-RAF people in the airlines, particularly post Sep 11, to decide to put my ATPL to use in other areas of aviation.

It's interesting to see that one or two are simply not prepared to put up with the current state of affairs and have left their airline; however, good luck to all those who want this sort of lifestyle.
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Old 19th Dec 2003, 17:41
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Why does my milkman seem much happier than me when I meet him at 0300 on my way to work?
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Old 19th Dec 2003, 19:29
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Perhaps Mrs wasdale might be able to answer that...??
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