The Pentagon's New Map
Thread Starter
Join Date: May 2001
Location: New Jersey Shore
Age: 92
Posts: 601
Likes: 0
Received 0 Likes
on
0 Posts
The Pentagon's New Map
http://www.nwc.navy.mil/newrulesets/...gonsNewMap.htm
The Thomas P.M. Barnett Web Files at the U.S. Naval War College
THE PENTAGON’S NEW MAP
IT EXPLAINS WHY WE’RE GOING TO WAR,
AND WHY WE’LL KEEP GOING TO WAR.
BY
THOMAS P.M. BARNETT, U.S. NAVAL WAR COLLEGE
[MAPS BY WILLIAM MCNULTY]
Esquire, March 2003 issue
Since the end of the cold war, the United States has been trying to come up with an operating theory of the world—and a military strategy to accompany it. Now there’s a leading contender. It involves identifying the problem parts of the world and aggressively shrinking them. Since September 11, 2001, the author, a professor of warfare analysis, has been advising the Office of the Secretary of Defense and giving this briefing continually at the Pentagon and in the intelligence community. Now he gives it to you.
LET ME TELL YOU why military engagement with Saddam Hussein’s regime in Baghdad is not only necessary and inevitable, but good.
When the United States finally goes to war again in the Persian Gulf, it will not constitute a settling of old scores, or just an enforced disarmament of illegal weapons, or a distraction in the war on terror. Our next war in the Gulf will mark a historical tipping point—the moment when Washington takes real ownership of strategic security in the age of globalization.
That is why the public debate about this war has been so important: It forces Americans to come to terms with I believe is the new security paradigm that shapes this age, namely, Disconnectedness defines danger. Saddam Hussein’s outlaw regime is dangerously disconnected from the globalizing world, from its rule sets, its norms, and all the ties that bind countries together in mutually assured dependence.
The problem with most discussion of globalization is that too many experts treat it as a binary outcome: Either it is great and sweeping the planet, or it is horrid and failing humanity everywhere. Neither view really works, because globalization as a historical process is simply too big and too complex for such summary judgments. Instead, this new world must be defined by where globalization has truly taken root and where it has not.
Show me where globalization is thick with network connectivity, financial transactions, liberal media flows, and collective security, and I will show you regions featuring stable governments, rising standards of living, and more deaths by suicide than murder. These parts of the world I call the Functioning Core, or Core. But show me where globalization is thinning or just plain absent, and I will show you regions plagued by politically repressive regimes, widespread poverty and disease, routine mass murder, and—most important—the chronic conflicts that incubate the next generation of global terrorists. These parts of the world I call the Non-Integrating Gap, or Gap.
Globalization’s “ozone hole” may have been out of sight and out of mind prior to September 11, 2001, but it has been hard to miss ever since. And measuring the reach of globalization is not an academic exercise to an eighteen-year-old marine sinking tent poles on its far side. So where do we schedule the U.S. military’s next round of away games? The pattern that has emerged since the end of the cold war suggests a simple answer: in the Gap.
The reason I support going to war in Iraq is not simply that Saddam is a cutthroat Stalinist willing to kill anyone to stay in power, nor because that regime has clearly supported terrorist networks over the years. The real reason I support a war like this is that the resulting long-term military commitment will finally force America to deal with the entire Gap as a strategic threat environment.
FOR MOST COUNTRIES, accommodating ......................
The Thomas P.M. Barnett Web Files at the U.S. Naval War College
THE PENTAGON’S NEW MAP
IT EXPLAINS WHY WE’RE GOING TO WAR,
AND WHY WE’LL KEEP GOING TO WAR.
BY
THOMAS P.M. BARNETT, U.S. NAVAL WAR COLLEGE
[MAPS BY WILLIAM MCNULTY]
Esquire, March 2003 issue
Since the end of the cold war, the United States has been trying to come up with an operating theory of the world—and a military strategy to accompany it. Now there’s a leading contender. It involves identifying the problem parts of the world and aggressively shrinking them. Since September 11, 2001, the author, a professor of warfare analysis, has been advising the Office of the Secretary of Defense and giving this briefing continually at the Pentagon and in the intelligence community. Now he gives it to you.
LET ME TELL YOU why military engagement with Saddam Hussein’s regime in Baghdad is not only necessary and inevitable, but good.
When the United States finally goes to war again in the Persian Gulf, it will not constitute a settling of old scores, or just an enforced disarmament of illegal weapons, or a distraction in the war on terror. Our next war in the Gulf will mark a historical tipping point—the moment when Washington takes real ownership of strategic security in the age of globalization.
That is why the public debate about this war has been so important: It forces Americans to come to terms with I believe is the new security paradigm that shapes this age, namely, Disconnectedness defines danger. Saddam Hussein’s outlaw regime is dangerously disconnected from the globalizing world, from its rule sets, its norms, and all the ties that bind countries together in mutually assured dependence.
The problem with most discussion of globalization is that too many experts treat it as a binary outcome: Either it is great and sweeping the planet, or it is horrid and failing humanity everywhere. Neither view really works, because globalization as a historical process is simply too big and too complex for such summary judgments. Instead, this new world must be defined by where globalization has truly taken root and where it has not.
Show me where globalization is thick with network connectivity, financial transactions, liberal media flows, and collective security, and I will show you regions featuring stable governments, rising standards of living, and more deaths by suicide than murder. These parts of the world I call the Functioning Core, or Core. But show me where globalization is thinning or just plain absent, and I will show you regions plagued by politically repressive regimes, widespread poverty and disease, routine mass murder, and—most important—the chronic conflicts that incubate the next generation of global terrorists. These parts of the world I call the Non-Integrating Gap, or Gap.
Globalization’s “ozone hole” may have been out of sight and out of mind prior to September 11, 2001, but it has been hard to miss ever since. And measuring the reach of globalization is not an academic exercise to an eighteen-year-old marine sinking tent poles on its far side. So where do we schedule the U.S. military’s next round of away games? The pattern that has emerged since the end of the cold war suggests a simple answer: in the Gap.
The reason I support going to war in Iraq is not simply that Saddam is a cutthroat Stalinist willing to kill anyone to stay in power, nor because that regime has clearly supported terrorist networks over the years. The real reason I support a war like this is that the resulting long-term military commitment will finally force America to deal with the entire Gap as a strategic threat environment.
FOR MOST COUNTRIES, accommodating ......................
Join Date: Dec 1999
Location: Gone.........for good this time.
Posts: 510
Likes: 0
Received 0 Likes
on
0 Posts
Biggest load of Bollo% I've ever read.......
When are these guys going to realise that the world can and does exist without intervention from them good 'ol boys in the US of A, yehaa and all that.
Not sure if this is a wheeze and I've been hooked, but I still can't believe the content. Mind you, considering some of the wacky stuff coming from the White House/Pentagon these days, doesn't surprise me one jot!
When are these guys going to realise that the world can and does exist without intervention from them good 'ol boys in the US of A, yehaa and all that.
Not sure if this is a wheeze and I've been hooked, but I still can't believe the content. Mind you, considering some of the wacky stuff coming from the White House/Pentagon these days, doesn't surprise me one jot!
Lupus Domesticus
Join Date: Mar 2002
Location: NZ
Posts: 520
Likes: 0
Received 0 Likes
on
0 Posts
Couldn't agree more. What a load of pompous imperialist claptrap.
It will all end in tears, as has been discovered by every nation in history who ever tried to remake the peoples of the world into an Empire forged in their own image, or at least to their own design.
No offence intended to your good self, IME, but this doctrine is unworkable rubbish. It flies in the face of human nature, which, regardless of whatever side of the evolution / creation debate one subscribes to - if, indeed, one subscribes to either, which is itself not necessary in order to observe the historical reality of the human condition - has been crafted in accordance with far greater designs than the Pentagon is capable of encompassing.
It would seem that yet another generation of humanity who should know better, have failed to learn from the oft-repeated lessons of history.
Seduced by their own relative wealth and technological advancement, they mistakenly suppose that their minute window on the long story of the world offers a view never seen before, from a position offering a unique opportunity to alter the course of development of that world's human inhabitants.
What a shame. At best it's very sad; at worst, a depressingly predictable prelude to self-inflicted disaster.
Why aren't these people compelled to study history? Is there a minimum required level of intelligence for Pentagon planners?
Sigh....
It will all end in tears, as has been discovered by every nation in history who ever tried to remake the peoples of the world into an Empire forged in their own image, or at least to their own design.
No offence intended to your good self, IME, but this doctrine is unworkable rubbish. It flies in the face of human nature, which, regardless of whatever side of the evolution / creation debate one subscribes to - if, indeed, one subscribes to either, which is itself not necessary in order to observe the historical reality of the human condition - has been crafted in accordance with far greater designs than the Pentagon is capable of encompassing.
It would seem that yet another generation of humanity who should know better, have failed to learn from the oft-repeated lessons of history.
Seduced by their own relative wealth and technological advancement, they mistakenly suppose that their minute window on the long story of the world offers a view never seen before, from a position offering a unique opportunity to alter the course of development of that world's human inhabitants.
What a shame. At best it's very sad; at worst, a depressingly predictable prelude to self-inflicted disaster.
Why aren't these people compelled to study history? Is there a minimum required level of intelligence for Pentagon planners?
Sigh....
Ecce Homo! Loquitur...
One would have thought BlueWolf would have seen that it wasn't by the Pentagon, but merely a staff paper by an instructor at the Naval War College. Perhaps all papers produced by Cranwell, Sandhurst and Dartmouth can now be attributed to the MOD? 
Last edited by ORAC; 10th Mar 2003 at 06:30.
Ecce Homo! Loquitur...
Accepted. It ignores the concept that, "the poor are always with us". No matter how one tries, one cannot close the, "Gap", as it always exists in the minds of men - not their bank accounts.
Iconoclast
Join Date: Sep 2000
Location: The home of Dudley Dooright-Where the lead dog is the only one that gets a change of scenery.
Posts: 2,132
Likes: 0
Received 0 Likes
on
0 Posts
Pride goeth before a fall or, something like that.
Seduced by their own relative wealth and technological advancement, they mistakenly suppose that their minute window on the long story of the world offers a view never seen before, from a position offering a unique opportunity to alter the course of development of that world's human inhabitants.
There are a lot of theories as to why Iraq invaded Q 8 but it all boils down to the fact that when the British left the Middle East they had carved out new political boundaries and Q 8 was taken from the country of Iraq and they wanted it back.
Also, remember the Balfour amendment and look at what is going on in Israel /Palestine. People that live in glass houses should not cast stones.
I don’t want this war any more than you do. I have two sons that were in Desert Storm and both are suffering health problems.
Join Date: Aug 2002
Location: whereeverimat.
Posts: 23
Likes: 0
Received 0 Likes
on
0 Posts
Unfortunately it was the US's very "disconnectedness" that got them into this 'pickle' in the first place . The idea that they are going to 'reengage' by means of 21'st century gun boat diplomacy is niave.' Real Politik' is alive & well ,Gung ho !,Gung Ho !. This bloke should get out more often !!.
Join Date: Aug 2000
Location: formally Alamo battleground, now the crocodile with palm trees!
Posts: 965
Likes: 0
Received 0 Likes
on
0 Posts
Lu, it is interesting that you point out the health problems. I know three friends of mine who fought in Desert Storm and all are sick as well. It started with diabetes and then ... 
Dop! ...brain is on teflon right now. Wasn't there a law suit against the Pentagon a few years back under Clinton? Some desert storm vets got together I remember...
Dop! ...brain is on teflon right now. Wasn't there a law suit against the Pentagon a few years back under Clinton? Some desert storm vets got together I remember...
Join Date: May 2000
Location: United Kingdom
Posts: 724
Likes: 0
Received 0 Likes
on
0 Posts
Fundamental flaws:
Iraq is not volutarily out of the loop of globalisation - we put it there with sanctions, and prior to then it was hardly non-threatening.
What is wrong with not wanting to globalise eg in NW Pakistan. Fogetting the fact that religious fanaticism is prevalent there, maybe, just maybe, they don't want their kids to get fat on McD's or grow up on a diet of trash TV?
More drugs by use come from 'the Core' than the non-Core countries. For example LSD, ecstacy, Marijuana etc. It is not simply cocaine and heroin.
Fear in Middle Eastern states? Sounds more like the TSAs new search proposals. Obviously the author has never been to the Middle East, or noticed the lack of opportunities for the young in the backwaters of the US, nor that a trust fund is required for uni in the US. etc etc. Nor that we are supporting the Saudi regime - that he admits is nasty.
Bullies picking on the weak...well we're attacking Iraq and not China for nukes and human rights violations. Nuff said.
Good track record in exporting security? Vietnam? Remember that? Great - press your idea of government on a people who you're not even asking. The rest of the world has not asked the US to be its policeman.
"It is America’s continued success in deterring global war and obsolescing state-on-state war that allows us to stick our noses into the far more difficult subnational conflicts and the dangerous transnational actors they spawn." How anyone can have the audacity to proclaim this I do not know.
Having said that, the country summary below is fairly comprehensive and useful.
Iraq is not volutarily out of the loop of globalisation - we put it there with sanctions, and prior to then it was hardly non-threatening.
What is wrong with not wanting to globalise eg in NW Pakistan. Fogetting the fact that religious fanaticism is prevalent there, maybe, just maybe, they don't want their kids to get fat on McD's or grow up on a diet of trash TV?
More drugs by use come from 'the Core' than the non-Core countries. For example LSD, ecstacy, Marijuana etc. It is not simply cocaine and heroin.
Fear in Middle Eastern states? Sounds more like the TSAs new search proposals. Obviously the author has never been to the Middle East, or noticed the lack of opportunities for the young in the backwaters of the US, nor that a trust fund is required for uni in the US. etc etc. Nor that we are supporting the Saudi regime - that he admits is nasty.
Bullies picking on the weak...well we're attacking Iraq and not China for nukes and human rights violations. Nuff said.
Good track record in exporting security? Vietnam? Remember that? Great - press your idea of government on a people who you're not even asking. The rest of the world has not asked the US to be its policeman.
"It is America’s continued success in deterring global war and obsolescing state-on-state war that allows us to stick our noses into the far more difficult subnational conflicts and the dangerous transnational actors they spawn." How anyone can have the audacity to proclaim this I do not know.
Having said that, the country summary below is fairly comprehensive and useful.
Join Date: Sep 2000
Location: A small corner of the Belgian Empire
Posts: 89
Likes: 0
Received 0 Likes
on
0 Posts
I must have missed the "US military peacekeeping" in Northern Ireland. When did that happen?
Or is this a reference to NORAID?
A profoundly depressed Rattus
Or is this a reference to NORAID?
A profoundly depressed Rattus
Join Date: Mar 2003
Location: Bedrock
Posts: 115
Likes: 0
Received 0 Likes
on
0 Posts
Lucifer,
What the hell are you talking about? Maybe a trust fund to go to an Ivy League school or private university (tuition at the local university here is $1500 a semester) Also, you could join the military get 75% of your tuition paid for while on active duty and receive up to $50k for more college when you get out - I have the G.I. Bill myself which pays for about $36k worth of grad school. There are plenty of colleges that are affordable. As for "lack of opportunity" - this is America - you can go as far as hard work will take you. There are plenty of jobs and opportunities - but being a very capitalistic society, nobody is going to give it to you.
What the hell are you talking about? Maybe a trust fund to go to an Ivy League school or private university (tuition at the local university here is $1500 a semester) Also, you could join the military get 75% of your tuition paid for while on active duty and receive up to $50k for more college when you get out - I have the G.I. Bill myself which pays for about $36k worth of grad school. There are plenty of colleges that are affordable. As for "lack of opportunity" - this is America - you can go as far as hard work will take you. There are plenty of jobs and opportunities - but being a very capitalistic society, nobody is going to give it to you.
Join Date: Jan 2003
Location: England
Posts: 964
Likes: 0
Received 0 Likes
on
0 Posts
LU Zuck
You have highlighted exactly the point that Bluewolf was trying to make. The Brits, French, Spanish, Romans, Greeks, Mongols, Egyptians (How far do i need to go back) have all endevoured to rule the world - and every empire that ever was has always failed. This is like a father giving advice to his adolecsant son - weve tried it and it doesn't work. But i guess human nature is that the son never listens to the father, till its all too late and then some years on thinks'gee I wish i'd listened to dad'.
I do not want the US as the policing nation of the world, they have no right, particularly while the Bush administration constantly refuses to sign up to any Environmental/Humanitarian agreements, that the rest of the world see as vital to our very survival on this planet. If it may affect the US economy the administration does not want to know.
The difference between all the nations listed above in the past and the US, is that the US has the potential to cause more havoc than anything previously seen in history put together.
Saddam must go. According to Bush and Blair he is a murderer and he tortures and suppresses his people. Yet it seems that if he were to comply fully with complete and total disarmament, these two chaps would leave him there(presumably happy in the knowledge that he will continue to torture and murder).
There is a hidden agenda here and it is oil. Bush promises that the money from oil will go to the people of Iraq. Yeah right! when the US pays two dollars a barrel for it(it is only $1 a barrel to produce). ANd then makes a very tidy profit.
Quote'People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones'
I agree with wiping out terrorism. Please explain why almost 3000 people have died in Northern Ireland as a result of a terrorist organisation that was funded with over $25 million a year from NORAID(i.e the US). Thats almost as many people as in the twin towers.
The best thing the Bush administration could do with its huge defence budget, is use it to build a 100 foot high wall around the US. It will keep us all out, and they would find that the rest of the world would sort itself out, and get on just fine. We'd all be happy, but more importantly safe then!
Tigs2
You have highlighted exactly the point that Bluewolf was trying to make. The Brits, French, Spanish, Romans, Greeks, Mongols, Egyptians (How far do i need to go back) have all endevoured to rule the world - and every empire that ever was has always failed. This is like a father giving advice to his adolecsant son - weve tried it and it doesn't work. But i guess human nature is that the son never listens to the father, till its all too late and then some years on thinks'gee I wish i'd listened to dad'.
I do not want the US as the policing nation of the world, they have no right, particularly while the Bush administration constantly refuses to sign up to any Environmental/Humanitarian agreements, that the rest of the world see as vital to our very survival on this planet. If it may affect the US economy the administration does not want to know.
The difference between all the nations listed above in the past and the US, is that the US has the potential to cause more havoc than anything previously seen in history put together.
Saddam must go. According to Bush and Blair he is a murderer and he tortures and suppresses his people. Yet it seems that if he were to comply fully with complete and total disarmament, these two chaps would leave him there(presumably happy in the knowledge that he will continue to torture and murder).
There is a hidden agenda here and it is oil. Bush promises that the money from oil will go to the people of Iraq. Yeah right! when the US pays two dollars a barrel for it(it is only $1 a barrel to produce). ANd then makes a very tidy profit.
Quote'People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones'
I agree with wiping out terrorism. Please explain why almost 3000 people have died in Northern Ireland as a result of a terrorist organisation that was funded with over $25 million a year from NORAID(i.e the US). Thats almost as many people as in the twin towers.
The best thing the Bush administration could do with its huge defence budget, is use it to build a 100 foot high wall around the US. It will keep us all out, and they would find that the rest of the world would sort itself out, and get on just fine. We'd all be happy, but more importantly safe then!
Tigs2
Tigs
As long as we are gonna act pompous...
As late as 96 the UK was named by Israel as the largest source of funding for Hamas. No excuse for US citizens funding noraid, just as there is no excuse for the funding of Hamas.
As long as we are gonna act pompous...
As late as 96 the UK was named by Israel as the largest source of funding for Hamas. No excuse for US citizens funding noraid, just as there is no excuse for the funding of Hamas.
Join Date: Jan 2003
Location: England
Posts: 964
Likes: 0
Received 0 Likes
on
0 Posts
West Coast
I am certainly not 'acting' pompous at all. Who knows what governments get up to on the quiet, such as the incredible funding for Israel (still in breach of god knows how many resolutions)by the US. But, there were public fund raising events for NORAID in the United States. The IRA even sold a newspaper there on the streets of New York and elswhere called 'An Phoblacht' just to bolster funds. I've never noticed any fund raising events or Newspaper sales in the UK to support Hamas. The British public would tell them to S@d off. Still the power base on the east coast is Irish, and the financial power base is from Israel, so I am sure the US will just make up the rules as they please.
I am certainly not 'acting' pompous at all. Who knows what governments get up to on the quiet, such as the incredible funding for Israel (still in breach of god knows how many resolutions)by the US. But, there were public fund raising events for NORAID in the United States. The IRA even sold a newspaper there on the streets of New York and elswhere called 'An Phoblacht' just to bolster funds. I've never noticed any fund raising events or Newspaper sales in the UK to support Hamas. The British public would tell them to S@d off. Still the power base on the east coast is Irish, and the financial power base is from Israel, so I am sure the US will just make up the rules as they please.
Look in the areas you would reasonably expect to find it...
The funding you intimate does not exists isn't on the street corner. It is however adjunct to my point, clean your own street corner or mosque before you venture to criticize the US on terrorist funding.
The funding you intimate does not exists isn't on the street corner. It is however adjunct to my point, clean your own street corner or mosque before you venture to criticize the US on terrorist funding.
Join Date: Jan 2003
Location: England
Posts: 964
Likes: 0
Received 0 Likes
on
0 Posts
West Coast
I did not intimate that the funding was taking place on the street corners! That was the selling of the newspapers. The funding was actually organised at functions such as gala dinners, and other more significant events. I was in Int for more than 15 years, so if you do not know what you are talking about please do not get riled so easily. Looking at your profile, I doubt that you have ever been to New York, apart from on a quick visit, or overnight stop with your airline. Please correct me if I am wrong!
Why did you mention Mosques? Is that because I mentioned the Isreali's? I am a British Christian through and through. Why is it that some of you guys(please note everyone else, I said SOME of you guys) in the US seem unable to take an objective view of your governments policies, and make an objective decision on what they do. Is it really God, Country,Corps without question? There are many things that my government/country has done that I would never even try(or want) to defend. Where do we start with injustices, how about the case of the North American Indians? Or was the land yours to take by divine right as well?
The rest of the world has had to live with terrorism for decades, and now sadly it has landed on your doorstep with avengence. We have had it for years. Now you want to erradicate the problem, and we are helping you ( I am in the gulf right now) Why did you not help us with Northern Ireland, why did the british government do nothing about Zimbabwee? I do not know the answer, but I do know that neither country has any oil, or anything of commercial interest to the US.
Wake up West Coast, to be human is to question. I accepted your points about Hamas, you have not answered any of my questions yet!!
I bet the US will not move on N Korea, the single most significant threat to world peace. They have 1 million soldiers and six million in reserve. They have state of the art technology and inter continental missiles capable of reaching the continental US. They also have a jungle.
Think about it West Coast, before you jump on the Star Spangled Railroad.
I did not intimate that the funding was taking place on the street corners! That was the selling of the newspapers. The funding was actually organised at functions such as gala dinners, and other more significant events. I was in Int for more than 15 years, so if you do not know what you are talking about please do not get riled so easily. Looking at your profile, I doubt that you have ever been to New York, apart from on a quick visit, or overnight stop with your airline. Please correct me if I am wrong!
Why did you mention Mosques? Is that because I mentioned the Isreali's? I am a British Christian through and through. Why is it that some of you guys(please note everyone else, I said SOME of you guys) in the US seem unable to take an objective view of your governments policies, and make an objective decision on what they do. Is it really God, Country,Corps without question? There are many things that my government/country has done that I would never even try(or want) to defend. Where do we start with injustices, how about the case of the North American Indians? Or was the land yours to take by divine right as well?
The rest of the world has had to live with terrorism for decades, and now sadly it has landed on your doorstep with avengence. We have had it for years. Now you want to erradicate the problem, and we are helping you ( I am in the gulf right now) Why did you not help us with Northern Ireland, why did the british government do nothing about Zimbabwee? I do not know the answer, but I do know that neither country has any oil, or anything of commercial interest to the US.
Wake up West Coast, to be human is to question. I accepted your points about Hamas, you have not answered any of my questions yet!!
I bet the US will not move on N Korea, the single most significant threat to world peace. They have 1 million soldiers and six million in reserve. They have state of the art technology and inter continental missiles capable of reaching the continental US. They also have a jungle.
Think about it West Coast, before you jump on the Star Spangled Railroad.
Ecce Homo! Loquitur...
80 percent of North Korea's land area is composed of mountains and uplands. The remainder consists of small coastal plains, the largest covering only 500 square kilometers. The uplands are covered by trees such as fir, oak, larch and birch. The plains have around 1.5 million hectares of fertile land, out of that 1.4 million are farmland.
The winters are long and bitterly cold with clear weather interspersed with snow storms as a result of northern winds from Siberia. The high and low temperatures in January are -3°/+13° C. Snowfall averages 37 days in winter. The winters during the Korean war are recorded as one of the worst problems and caused many deaths.
The winters are long and bitterly cold with clear weather interspersed with snow storms as a result of northern winds from Siberia. The high and low temperatures in January are -3°/+13° C. Snowfall averages 37 days in winter. The winters during the Korean war are recorded as one of the worst problems and caused many deaths.
Last edited by ORAC; 15th Mar 2003 at 15:45.