Ramp Check Advice From CASA.
Nemo Me Impune Lacessit
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GPS and tablets etc are here to stay, like it or not, so we might as well use modern aids in a modern way and return the pencils and rulers back to the Tiger Moths.
Wrong!!!..............................
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I have watched this from the sidelines for a few days. I would like to think that some of my firm communication at a working level with CASA has influenced this. If not it is at least in harmony with what I have pushed at them for a number of years.
Problem used to be that if it were known CASA folk, and it could be any number of representatives not just FOI/AWI, were at an airfield or a air show/fly in, that it would have a negative effect on the event or if it encouraged someone to fly past a place to another airport that this might have a negative safety outcome. This has happened several times in the past and in one case an aircraft running out of fuel. Stupidity and anxiety overrides common sense.
For my part working with the GA Task force head and the Sport office folk, I have always encouraged the concept of actually promoting the ramp check as a friendly and educational exercise and not an opportunity to bust someone for an out of date ERC.
I believe that the current printed material is part of the process. It has been widely distributed through the various organisations such as but not limited to, AWAL, RAAus, SAAA, ASRA etc.
The key here is that the rules can say what they like....who really cares, but what we care about is safe operations, that we do not kill ourselves or others. That is what we really care about. By encouraging the private and recreational flyers to actively consider, planning, fuel, chart/info, performance and such things they are actually doing their job for a change. If RAAus pilot Smith just thinks these things through and makes a good value judgement every flight, then this is a massive step forward.
Taking the anxiety out of a Ramp Check, and encouraging folk to learn something is exactly what the brochure and the SASAO team are trying to do. I know for a fact how most or if not all of those guys conduct their checks at air shows and fly in's, mainly because I insisted they do it this way for the biggest event in the GA calendar. Sure they catch out folk who are turning up without maps, plans or any idea of fuel planning, no EPIRB, but none of them get any punishment, they get education. Even for some of the most unbelievable things. Some of which I would have taken action on.
The point is that if they are being proactive in educating rather than regulation for regulation sake, they will have a far greater effect on safer operations.
As for fuel logs and such....I subscribe to the ForkAir SOPs and as an engineer I have assesed the risks of a lighning strike that takes out all the backup gear and determined I would be so flucked that I would not even know I was flucked in the first place. If it gets your spare device turned off inside the nav bag.....you have bigger problems.
Creamie raises a good point about Neddie Plod not knowing what your fuel plan was really worth, but the fact you have some kind of fuel assessment demonstrated is what they would like to see. They trust you have done it right for your operation when you planned your flight. They just want to know you have been doing something about it. The focus is not an act of regulatory enforcement, it is about smart aviating. I guarantee Forkie and Creamie know within a couple of litres what they will arrive with, and how they know that matters not. Just so long as they do. Neddie Plod can't argue with that.
DISCLAIMER: I am not going soft, I am as ever harshly critical of CASA and the whole system in Australia, but I must also be fair and give credit where credit is due. And this is one area I have been highly critical of CASA over the years, even publicly on PPRuNe, so it is worthy of praise when they do something useful for a change. Even if you pick the text to bits on technicality.
How the FOI's conduct themselves in the commercial operations arena...I have no idea and no influence, but I believe the GA Task Force Manager holds a strong view on this as well and if experience is radically different in future write to him with details. He is pretty sharp, if your story adds up he will act.
Problem used to be that if it were known CASA folk, and it could be any number of representatives not just FOI/AWI, were at an airfield or a air show/fly in, that it would have a negative effect on the event or if it encouraged someone to fly past a place to another airport that this might have a negative safety outcome. This has happened several times in the past and in one case an aircraft running out of fuel. Stupidity and anxiety overrides common sense.
For my part working with the GA Task force head and the Sport office folk, I have always encouraged the concept of actually promoting the ramp check as a friendly and educational exercise and not an opportunity to bust someone for an out of date ERC.
I believe that the current printed material is part of the process. It has been widely distributed through the various organisations such as but not limited to, AWAL, RAAus, SAAA, ASRA etc.
The key here is that the rules can say what they like....who really cares, but what we care about is safe operations, that we do not kill ourselves or others. That is what we really care about. By encouraging the private and recreational flyers to actively consider, planning, fuel, chart/info, performance and such things they are actually doing their job for a change. If RAAus pilot Smith just thinks these things through and makes a good value judgement every flight, then this is a massive step forward.
Taking the anxiety out of a Ramp Check, and encouraging folk to learn something is exactly what the brochure and the SASAO team are trying to do. I know for a fact how most or if not all of those guys conduct their checks at air shows and fly in's, mainly because I insisted they do it this way for the biggest event in the GA calendar. Sure they catch out folk who are turning up without maps, plans or any idea of fuel planning, no EPIRB, but none of them get any punishment, they get education. Even for some of the most unbelievable things. Some of which I would have taken action on.
The point is that if they are being proactive in educating rather than regulation for regulation sake, they will have a far greater effect on safer operations.
As for fuel logs and such....I subscribe to the ForkAir SOPs and as an engineer I have assesed the risks of a lighning strike that takes out all the backup gear and determined I would be so flucked that I would not even know I was flucked in the first place. If it gets your spare device turned off inside the nav bag.....you have bigger problems.
Creamie raises a good point about Neddie Plod not knowing what your fuel plan was really worth, but the fact you have some kind of fuel assessment demonstrated is what they would like to see. They trust you have done it right for your operation when you planned your flight. They just want to know you have been doing something about it. The focus is not an act of regulatory enforcement, it is about smart aviating. I guarantee Forkie and Creamie know within a couple of litres what they will arrive with, and how they know that matters not. Just so long as they do. Neddie Plod can't argue with that.
DISCLAIMER: I am not going soft, I am as ever harshly critical of CASA and the whole system in Australia, but I must also be fair and give credit where credit is due. And this is one area I have been highly critical of CASA over the years, even publicly on PPRuNe, so it is worthy of praise when they do something useful for a change. Even if you pick the text to bits on technicality.
How the FOI's conduct themselves in the commercial operations arena...I have no idea and no influence, but I believe the GA Task Force Manager holds a strong view on this as well and if experience is radically different in future write to him with details. He is pretty sharp, if your story adds up he will act.
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jabawocky how do you equate your comments with McCormic and his "we are a big R regulator and we are going to enforce a higher level of safety."
then you have all the strict liability bull****.
all I see from CASA is incompetence.
I see pilots who are quite competent reduced by CASA fear into uncertainty, doubt and a cessation of activity.
One of the greatest risks to aviation safety in this country is actually CASA.
I wish I lived in your wonderful fuzzy world but sadly I live in mine.
41 years involved in aviation and not a prang. I must be incompetent.
then you have all the strict liability bull****.
all I see from CASA is incompetence.
I see pilots who are quite competent reduced by CASA fear into uncertainty, doubt and a cessation of activity.
One of the greatest risks to aviation safety in this country is actually CASA.
I wish I lived in your wonderful fuzzy world but sadly I live in mine.
41 years involved in aviation and not a prang. I must be incompetent.
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W8
I cant disagree. You are correct.
In fact what you describe is what I have been fighting. A little at a time it has made a difference.
Like I said in the commercial sector and maybe in some parts of the country the ethos is different.
Like I stated, if you see, experience or otherwise are affected by BS, and you have ALL your facts straight, ducks in a row, write to the GA Task Force manager, he is a no nonsense practical guy. But you must have your ducks in a row or you are just another shoot from the hip complainer.
Despite UTR's compliment do not assume I have fixed it all......far from it. We as part of the community need to demand better of CASA. Look at the recent AMROBA dung fights, especially in Brisbane. Look at the current review panel.
All it takes for the forces of evil to rule the world is for enough good men to do nothing.
Or as I sat in a chapel service at ADFA in Canberra last Friday, listening to an ex ADF Bishop/minister, he talked about a topic.......What is it you are prepared to die for?
Now this is a bit extreme but at the end of the day, stand up, be accountable and command equal respect from the others.
Often it will come.
I cant disagree. You are correct.
In fact what you describe is what I have been fighting. A little at a time it has made a difference.
Like I said in the commercial sector and maybe in some parts of the country the ethos is different.
Like I stated, if you see, experience or otherwise are affected by BS, and you have ALL your facts straight, ducks in a row, write to the GA Task Force manager, he is a no nonsense practical guy. But you must have your ducks in a row or you are just another shoot from the hip complainer.
Despite UTR's compliment do not assume I have fixed it all......far from it. We as part of the community need to demand better of CASA. Look at the recent AMROBA dung fights, especially in Brisbane. Look at the current review panel.
All it takes for the forces of evil to rule the world is for enough good men to do nothing.
Or as I sat in a chapel service at ADFA in Canberra last Friday, listening to an ex ADF Bishop/minister, he talked about a topic.......What is it you are prepared to die for?
Now this is a bit extreme but at the end of the day, stand up, be accountable and command equal respect from the others.
Often it will come.
How on earth would the neddie from CASA know whether the numbers in a paper or mental fuel plan bear any semblance to reality or, more importantly, are safe? If it's just that paper fuel on board is greater than paper fuel calculated as required plus reserve, it's a pretty pointless exercise.
Don't worry, when Part 91 comes in (and now for GA AOC holder) CASA will simply audit the the hapless "rampee's" fuel figures against CASA "normal fuel flows" --- whatever the hell "normal fuel flows" are. Mandatory reserves are also to be calculated at "normal fuel flow rates" --- fixed single rates of flow, in the case of an AOC operator, to be published in the FCOM.
Would you believe, a leading exponent of the concept of single rate "normal fuel flow" from the CASA Sydney office recently said, in front of a room that contained about 300,000 hours of professional experience (it was a CASA "professional development day" mandatory for CPs, CFIs and ATOs): "But, if you don't have normal fuel flows, how are you going to prepare a flight plan".
For anybody who digested the whole of the paperwork from the Norfolk Pel Air inquiry, that level of CASA knowledge was well in evidence.
Tootle pip!!
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a funny CASA story...
as irritating as the BS is we all get a little browned off when there is no humour.
this is a factual CASA story and I think it as funny as hell.
I got fed up with the dribble in our club email system so when I last changed service providers I "forgot" to tell them.
the peace has been wonderful.
CASA held a safety presentation in the club and of course with my desire for email peace I didn't hear about it and so didn't attend.
Anyway after the presentation there was a CASA cap sitting on one of the back tables. It sat there for months totally untouched.
One day I was having a coffee and sat looking at it, the germ of an idea arrived.
That cap could give me a lot of peace and quiet while I was out flying, so I nicked it.
I went for a long fly one day and wore the cap to keep the sun off. I went down the coast a few hundred miles, crossed in around the winery area and tracked inland heading gradually back home.
Passing a country airfield I decided to land and fill up the aeroplane at the automated BP avgas bowser. So I landed and taxied in to the bowser.
The airfield was an absolute hive of activity. I'd never seen it so busy.
I waved to a couple of guys walking past and said hello, then turned back to the bowser. I hooked the static line on the exhaust, did the carnet thing and put, eventually, some 80 litres in the tank.
I put the hoses away and walked over to the toilets for a pee.
As I walked over I noticed that the nearby hangars were closed.
On the walk back from the toilet I noticed that all the hangars were now closed.
Then it dawned on me that there weren't any cars around.
So, sporting my CASA cap I went for a walk around the hangars.
There was not a soul on the entire airfield. absolutely no one.
In the time it had taken me to pump 80 litres of avgas the busiest of airfields and become a deserted wasteland.
I find that as funny as hell.
My next long flight will be over to Adelaide to help my brother with his homebuilt. On past history I reckon that I will shutdown all aviation activity in the southern half of Australia when I make the trip.
Funny as hell.
this is a factual CASA story and I think it as funny as hell.
I got fed up with the dribble in our club email system so when I last changed service providers I "forgot" to tell them.
the peace has been wonderful.
CASA held a safety presentation in the club and of course with my desire for email peace I didn't hear about it and so didn't attend.
Anyway after the presentation there was a CASA cap sitting on one of the back tables. It sat there for months totally untouched.
One day I was having a coffee and sat looking at it, the germ of an idea arrived.
That cap could give me a lot of peace and quiet while I was out flying, so I nicked it.
I went for a long fly one day and wore the cap to keep the sun off. I went down the coast a few hundred miles, crossed in around the winery area and tracked inland heading gradually back home.
Passing a country airfield I decided to land and fill up the aeroplane at the automated BP avgas bowser. So I landed and taxied in to the bowser.
The airfield was an absolute hive of activity. I'd never seen it so busy.
I waved to a couple of guys walking past and said hello, then turned back to the bowser. I hooked the static line on the exhaust, did the carnet thing and put, eventually, some 80 litres in the tank.
I put the hoses away and walked over to the toilets for a pee.
As I walked over I noticed that the nearby hangars were closed.
On the walk back from the toilet I noticed that all the hangars were now closed.
Then it dawned on me that there weren't any cars around.
So, sporting my CASA cap I went for a walk around the hangars.
There was not a soul on the entire airfield. absolutely no one.
In the time it had taken me to pump 80 litres of avgas the busiest of airfields and become a deserted wasteland.
I find that as funny as hell.
My next long flight will be over to Adelaide to help my brother with his homebuilt. On past history I reckon that I will shutdown all aviation activity in the southern half of Australia when I make the trip.
Funny as hell.
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casa do things that really get your goat.
when I was an alphabet office bearer I became aware of a CASA staffer in Sydney who flew either a longeze or a varyeze and had applied for and had CASA issue him with a LAME's ticket restricted to just his aircraft.
effectively it gave him the ability to maintain his own aircraft.
without making reference to his case so as not to ruin it for him I made application for a similar ticket restricted to just my aircraft.
I'm sure I received no reply so after a year I beat on CASA's heads.
No was the reply. we can't see any reason to entertain the request.
(um , let me see, I own the aircraft, I've been working on it for years now, I have a demonstrated safe history, I've applied for it. reason enough? )
so if you work for CASA you can have anything you want because you're good mates. if anyone else wants it bugger off.
Wonderful People CASA. You just have to love their consistency.
when I was an alphabet office bearer I became aware of a CASA staffer in Sydney who flew either a longeze or a varyeze and had applied for and had CASA issue him with a LAME's ticket restricted to just his aircraft.
effectively it gave him the ability to maintain his own aircraft.
without making reference to his case so as not to ruin it for him I made application for a similar ticket restricted to just my aircraft.
I'm sure I received no reply so after a year I beat on CASA's heads.
No was the reply. we can't see any reason to entertain the request.
(um , let me see, I own the aircraft, I've been working on it for years now, I have a demonstrated safe history, I've applied for it. reason enough? )
so if you work for CASA you can have anything you want because you're good mates. if anyone else wants it bugger off.
Wonderful People CASA. You just have to love their consistency.
Thread Starter
The stories of CASA actions here and their ability to saddle me with a criminal conviction on a whim or terminate my licence for no particular reason, aided and abetted by the most confusing, convoluted and deliberately obtuse set of contradictory regulations and legislation means that I will forever keep as far away from CASA and its minions as is physically possible.
I will never engage with CASA any more than I would with the proverbial East German border guard, ever. They have nothing to contribute to either the safety or enjoyment of flying that cannot already be found in standard and more easily read texts. They are to be endured as far as I can tell. I always have complied with regulation to the best of my ability and intend to keep doing so, but CASA has conclusively demonstrated time and again that this is a hopeless way of avoiding prosecution or harassment, strict liability and all that.
To put that another way, the LAST person I would ever seek aviation advice from is CASA.
So far they have influenced my actions as follows:
1. An aircraft kit build in the United States is now often the subject of a build blog full of happy images of the builder and his creation. I haven't done one because CASA might view it. Likewise there will be no Go Pro cameras fitted let alone videos ever posted. I will also discourage any passenger from filming. CASA has killed that idea stone dead following their treatment of John Quadrio. You will also never know if and when the project is finished because I won't post on Pprune about it for the same reason, not that anyone would care..
2. I will never fit a full ADS-B installation to what I am building because I don't trust CASA or AsA not to use that system as an automatic infringement generator.
3. I plan on only flying the aircraft from private and remote property if at all possible and that influenced my aircraft selection. I do not enjoy the scrutiny of capricious and nit picking CASA officials. It will never appear at any airshow. I will never visit any airshow or event by air since CASA uses these as opportunities to inspect and harass pilots.
4. Despite Two years labour and a complete airframe, I acknowledge that I may still walk away from my project after turning it into scrap metal so that someone else can't finish it, to ensure that no liability can accrue to me. I will do this if the administrative burden of registering it and complying with CASA regulation becomes too great. Fingers crossed so far.
5. I will turn the aircraft into scrap metal and burn my licence and log book if I ever come to the attention of CASA because at my age I don't need the hassle others have undergone, as is documented in case after case by the AAT. The kit cost about $20,000 and it (and Two years labour) can go in the bin. The engine and avionics I can sell or give away.
P.S. There were at least Three CASA officials in their flouro waistcoats at Point Cook on the weekend. They were in the crowd, obviously taking a break from making someones life hell.
I will never engage with CASA any more than I would with the proverbial East German border guard, ever. They have nothing to contribute to either the safety or enjoyment of flying that cannot already be found in standard and more easily read texts. They are to be endured as far as I can tell. I always have complied with regulation to the best of my ability and intend to keep doing so, but CASA has conclusively demonstrated time and again that this is a hopeless way of avoiding prosecution or harassment, strict liability and all that.
To put that another way, the LAST person I would ever seek aviation advice from is CASA.
So far they have influenced my actions as follows:
1. An aircraft kit build in the United States is now often the subject of a build blog full of happy images of the builder and his creation. I haven't done one because CASA might view it. Likewise there will be no Go Pro cameras fitted let alone videos ever posted. I will also discourage any passenger from filming. CASA has killed that idea stone dead following their treatment of John Quadrio. You will also never know if and when the project is finished because I won't post on Pprune about it for the same reason, not that anyone would care..
2. I will never fit a full ADS-B installation to what I am building because I don't trust CASA or AsA not to use that system as an automatic infringement generator.
3. I plan on only flying the aircraft from private and remote property if at all possible and that influenced my aircraft selection. I do not enjoy the scrutiny of capricious and nit picking CASA officials. It will never appear at any airshow. I will never visit any airshow or event by air since CASA uses these as opportunities to inspect and harass pilots.
4. Despite Two years labour and a complete airframe, I acknowledge that I may still walk away from my project after turning it into scrap metal so that someone else can't finish it, to ensure that no liability can accrue to me. I will do this if the administrative burden of registering it and complying with CASA regulation becomes too great. Fingers crossed so far.
5. I will turn the aircraft into scrap metal and burn my licence and log book if I ever come to the attention of CASA because at my age I don't need the hassle others have undergone, as is documented in case after case by the AAT. The kit cost about $20,000 and it (and Two years labour) can go in the bin. The engine and avionics I can sell or give away.
P.S. There were at least Three CASA officials in their flouro waistcoats at Point Cook on the weekend. They were in the crowd, obviously taking a break from making someones life hell.
Ramp Checks
I've had ramp checks in China, Japan, Singapore.
Audit flights and sims included.
All a pleasure.
CASA mmmmmm best be making no comment!
Audit flights and sims included.
All a pleasure.
CASA mmmmmm best be making no comment!
The CASA inspectors at PCK were told by the military that they had no business being in the restricted area.
However, courtesy of their good mate, The Australian Tax Payer, they would still have been paid to enjoy a safe and impressive air show.
However, courtesy of their good mate, The Australian Tax Payer, they would still have been paid to enjoy a safe and impressive air show.
Last edited by Captain Dart; 4th Mar 2014 at 19:57.
Don't worry, when Part 91 comes in (and now for GA AOC holder) CASA will simply audit the the hapless "rampee's" fuel figures against CASA "normal fuel flows" --- whatever the hell "normal fuel flows" are. Mandatory reserves are also to be calculated at "normal fuel flow rates" --- fixed single rates of flow, in the case of an AOC operator, to be published in the FCOM.
Would you believe, a leading exponent of the concept of single rate "normal fuel flow" from the CASA Sydney office recently said, in front of a room that contained about 300,000 hours of professional experience (it was a CASA "professional development day" mandatory for CPs, CFIs and ATOs): "But, if you don't have normal fuel flows, how are you going to prepare a flight plan".
For anybody who digested the whole of the paperwork from the Norfolk Pel Air inquiry, that level of CASA knowledge was well in evidence.
Would you believe, a leading exponent of the concept of single rate "normal fuel flow" from the CASA Sydney office recently said, in front of a room that contained about 300,000 hours of professional experience (it was a CASA "professional development day" mandatory for CPs, CFIs and ATOs): "But, if you don't have normal fuel flows, how are you going to prepare a flight plan".
For anybody who digested the whole of the paperwork from the Norfolk Pel Air inquiry, that level of CASA knowledge was well in evidence.
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2. I will never fit a full ADS-B installation to what I am building because I don't trust CASA or AsA not to use that system as an automatic infringement generator.
Captain Dart The CASA inspectors at PCK were told by the military that they had no business being in the restricted area.
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Sunfish.......despite my attempt at some positive news, and it still is, from your perspective I do not blame you
The truth is there are still a lot of people out there that can and do learn or need to learn stuff. Most of whom run and hide the minute there is a learning opportunity.
Leadie..... Single rate fuel flows
Ya kidding me ....no you are not I gather 
The difference in my bug smasher from 4000' to 17000' is something like (guessametric) 30% less, so I wonder how said idiot would cope with the question......How does a single rate flow work for me while still maintaining a similar BSFC but a 30% less flow rate?
How would that work in a jet?
You must be kidding us surely?
The truth is there are still a lot of people out there that can and do learn or need to learn stuff. Most of whom run and hide the minute there is a learning opportunity.
Leadie..... Single rate fuel flows
Ya kidding me ....no you are not I gather The difference in my bug smasher from 4000' to 17000' is something like (guessametric) 30% less, so I wonder how said idiot would cope with the question......How does a single rate flow work for me while still maintaining a similar BSFC but a 30% less flow rate?
How would that work in a jet?
You must be kidding us surely?
How would that work in a jet?
Exactly, how would that work on any aircraft ---- refer Part 91.
It is a jet in two separate AOCs where there has been much argument about what is prescribed in an FCOM.
Sad, but true.
Tootle pip!!
Creamie,
For Part 91, see the requirements for 30 minutes fixed final reserve.
We haven't got all the Part 91 Manuals of Standards yet, (let alone Part 135, in all its glory), I am advised that "normal fuel flow" features in the planning sections.
The AOCM "policy" ,http://www.casa.gov.au/wcmswr/_asset.../ops/215_1.pdf has been applied increasingly over the last two or so years, since the "multidisciplinary audit teams" (or whatever they are called --- the "Flying Squad", perhaps) and a number of operators have been required to put "normal fuel flows" for each type in the FCOM ---- based on the current policy and the "requirements" of the AOCM ( there is a revised one out, I haven't given it the fine tooth comb treatment yet ---- in fact I am avoiding it, it might make me all bitter and twisted.) but as you probably know, the AOCM CAAP is treated as if it was a regulation.
Tootle pip!!
For Part 91, see the requirements for 30 minutes fixed final reserve.
We haven't got all the Part 91 Manuals of Standards yet, (let alone Part 135, in all its glory), I am advised that "normal fuel flow" features in the planning sections.
The AOCM "policy" ,http://www.casa.gov.au/wcmswr/_asset.../ops/215_1.pdf has been applied increasingly over the last two or so years, since the "multidisciplinary audit teams" (or whatever they are called --- the "Flying Squad", perhaps) and a number of operators have been required to put "normal fuel flows" for each type in the FCOM ---- based on the current policy and the "requirements" of the AOCM ( there is a revised one out, I haven't given it the fine tooth comb treatment yet ---- in fact I am avoiding it, it might make me all bitter and twisted.) but as you probably know, the AOCM CAAP is treated as if it was a regulation.
Tootle pip!!
Had a quick search for the word ‘fuel’ in the draft Part 91 – didn’t find anything about normal fuel flows.
I did notice that you rack up $17,000 in fines if you don’t connect the fuel nozzle earth lead to the aircraft before removing the fuel cap and don’t leave it connected until after the cap is replaced. Must have been a spate of refueling fires …
I did notice that you rack up $17,000 in fines if you don’t connect the fuel nozzle earth lead to the aircraft before removing the fuel cap and don’t leave it connected until after the cap is replaced. Must have been a spate of refueling fires …
You’re over-thinking this, jas.
When you do your walkaround and remove and replace the caps to do a visual check/dip, you should be moving counter-clockwise in the Southern hemisphere. (Penalty: 50 Penalty Units.) So there should be no static build up during your walkaround.
But when you’re refueling, you’re moving in straight lines. That creates static.
Hope this helps.
When you do your walkaround and remove and replace the caps to do a visual check/dip, you should be moving counter-clockwise in the Southern hemisphere. (Penalty: 50 Penalty Units.) So there should be no static build up during your walkaround.
But when you’re refueling, you’re moving in straight lines. That creates static.
Hope this helps.