I was told recently on a checkout for a syndicate that I could log P1/US for the flight......Though I guess the guy was an examiner anyway so that is probably how it worked.
If you do a syndicate checkout with another PPL then I guess they log P1 and you don't log....
As far as flying with your mates, you can both log PIC for the portion you are sole manipulator of the controls, so if half way through a leg you decide you've had enough and pass control to you mate, then he can start logging PIC from that moment.....Thats my interpretation anyhow.
Cheers
EA