ATNotts details the process. 'Capitalism' runs a standard cycle:
- Large corporates have an entrenched postion and command the prices
- A startup arrives or govt changes laws
- Multiple startups happen
- One or two leading companies emerge
- Corporates respond
- Late startups join the throng often from/by Corporates
- Takeovers start
- Steady state for a while - unless a recession happens
- More takeovers as we enter first consolidation phase
- One or two leading companies are established
- Some Corporates now fail or have to merge
- Consolidation continues - in this case both by carriers and airports at all levels of size
- The leading companies may, or may not merge
- The leading company/ies become corporate
- Loop back to #1
You can add a recession in at any stage and it will accelerate the sequence by taking out both large and small companies. In my experience, this happens in almost all fields of commercial life.
In the sequence, some will have made money and others lost it. Some will have gained jobs and others lost them. At every step of the way, the ones who ar emaking money will claim that it's all fabulous and a great idea for the end user.