Both are really the same, they are written acknowledgments in your license that you have demonstrated competence to operate certain aircraft. In days past this used to be done with pen and ink by and examiner but now this is normally done by the national authority who issued your license. But the reality is that Endorsements are issued to private flyers for groups of aircraft (twins, complex singles, floatplanes etc.) where as Type Ratings are held by professional pilots for specific aircraft types.
But George, who/what are you exactly? Your various questions vary from naive to highly complex. If you have a commercial licence, I don't think you should use it. If you are a PPL, how about letting us know why you want answers to the questions you pose?