Surely this was because the carriers weren't in harbour to be hit? They didn't set out to launch an attack on battleships, but in the absence of the carriers, they hit the biggest ships they could find.
The most current intelligence report the attacking Japanese force had, showed that the carriers were in the harbor. So when the first reports came back from the attack that the carries were not there, they had no idea where the US carriers had gone. Because of that, the striking force withdrew and no second attack was launched.
From some of the research I have done it, was obvious that the Japanese were expecting much greater losses than that they actually received, but aircraft losses were acceptable and expected, the lost of any of their carriers was not acceptable, thus the early withdrawal when it was discovered the US carriers were not in Pearl Harbour.