...yet in India FO's are not allowed to land the aircraft.
A340AM, I have absolutely no definite answer to your questions. I can give you my best guesses, but you won't go far with that. I'm just baffled that you, as a (future?) pilot, need the answers. Is this the required technical standard for pilot applications in India? Or is it just a general enquiry? I'm sure there are some aeronautical engineers around able to explain this technical stuff in detail though!