I've been working towards a Just Culture for the last five years and, at my place, I'd like to think its working - some obviously may not think that - but only one has been let go for persistant and repetitive errors in that time.
No other punitive action has been taken against several other persons involved in errors, even if quite costly.
The ideal is to build trust both ways and get the jobs done properly, with the least hassle. You cant do that with threats, but you can't let engineers run blame free either - you have to be responsible for what you do.
Where an error is shown to be accidental or "just one of those things", can be acceptable at some levels. There may be some culpability in errors too and that has to be apportioned accordingly. I think we're winning.
We are all paid for responsibility - as well as skills.