A and C,
If you are not a U.S. citizen and do not have perminent residence status in the U.S.A. the answer is yes.
This is intented to stop all people on B-1 or B-2 nonimmigrant visitor for business or pleasure to begin attending school without first obtaining approval of a change of nonimmigrant status request from the Service. In this case flight training.
Take Care,
Capt. Richard J. Gentil, Pres.
Naples Air Center, Inc.