Mutual trust and respect
Safety culture is not at all just about investment of money. There is an enormous personal investment required.
None of these VOLUNTARY programs will work without mutual trust and respect between the parties; associations and managements, and indeed the regulatory authority. Many companies say they have an SMS on property, but they pay it lip service; a true "just culture" is in part founded on mutual trust and respect, and in part involves non-punitive safety programs, unless of course the intentional disregard for safety clauses apply.
It is hopeless if one division of a company wants you to come forward and tell it all, while another one is sitting waiting to clobber you.