Just to answer some questions above, at the Big Airline. There is a Capt and an F/O. P1 = PF for T/O, cruise and LDG. and P2 = PF for the approach. F/O’s are trained to the same handling standards as Capts from day 1. Sectors are shared 50:50, some sectors have to be Capt as P1 (eg LVOPS) or the Capt may elect to be P1 in a gnarly day depending on F/O experience.
F/O’s have a very specific list of things they can call stop for, either as PF or PM, anything else is brought to the attention of the Capt for a call of stop or continue. Once stop is called by either pilot it cannot be countermanded, an RTO is performed. Likewise if a go around is called by either pilot it must be performed.
It may be different to how other airlines do it but it works (as do other methods), it also makes the transition from right to left seat easier as the pilot has already had experience of decision making in critical phases of flight and as P1US for day to day ops.
The strap line used to be at BA recruitment that FO’s are recruited as future Captains, the man and boy ethos was dropped long ago, partly because of lessons learned from the the PI crash. There is still of course a cockpit authority gradient but it is shallower than at some airlines.
ATB
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