Can an airliner break sound barrier with an extreme tailwind?
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Can an airliner break sound barrier with an extreme tailwind?
Ok, before I start, I know I'm missing something/ a lot!
I'm thinking about airliners flying eastward across the atlantic during the winter usually have a high groundspeed due to the strong jet streams.
Say the OAT is -60 and using the equation below...
Local Speed of Sound = 38.94 x square root of temperature converted to Kelvin
... the LSS would be 568kts TAS.
Why would actual the TAS of the a/c not be close to that speed?
I'm thinking about airliners flying eastward across the atlantic during the winter usually have a high groundspeed due to the strong jet streams.
Say the OAT is -60 and using the equation below...
Local Speed of Sound = 38.94 x square root of temperature converted to Kelvin
... the LSS would be 568kts TAS.
Why would actual the TAS of the a/c not be close to that speed?
Because of the tailwind. The speed of the aeroplane that matters in terms of Mach number is the speed through the parcel of air within which it is flying that that time, not the groundspeed.
And LSS is the usual acronym for Longitudinal Static Stability. The normal abbreviation for the local speed of sound is "c".
Airliners actually at those sort of altitudes are typically flying by reference to the speed of sound. Say a Mach number of 0.8 or so - which would be TAS = 454kts for your example. Groundspeed will be TAS +/- wind, but that won't change the Mach number.
And LSS is the usual acronym for Longitudinal Static Stability. The normal abbreviation for the local speed of sound is "c".
Airliners actually at those sort of altitudes are typically flying by reference to the speed of sound. Say a Mach number of 0.8 or so - which would be TAS = 454kts for your example. Groundspeed will be TAS +/- wind, but that won't change the Mach number.
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I see! So, with a strong tailwind, what is stopping the a/c achieving a higher Mach Number? Is it due to compressibility or density of the parcel of air?
Speed of sound is relative to the motion of the medium through which the sound is passing, not like speed of light which is an absolute. This is because c is based upon transmission of energy between adjacent molecules, not a transmission through space of energy.
When you start to worry about the speed of light, in any context than GPS or DME accuracy, let me know
When you start to worry about the speed of light, in any context than GPS or DME accuracy, let me know
If you are currently studying for the EASA ATPL exams, then your use of the term LSS to represent the Local Speed of Sound is quite understandable, because this term is commonly used in this course. Using any other symbol which is technically correct for any higher level of study will not be helpful.
CAS, TAS and Mach Number are all measured relative to the air through which the aircraft is flying. It is only our ground speed which is affected by any headwind or tailwind.
Let’s suppose that we have an aircraft flying at 500 kts TAS in a 100 kt tailwind (due to a jetsream). Our TAS is 500 kts (measured relative to the air around us) and our mach number is 500 kts / LSS. Our ground speed will be 500 kts TAS + 100 kts Tailwind = 600 kts.
Whether or not we are able to increase speed to exceed the LSS will depend upon the design of the aircraft and it’s engines. But it will not be affected by any headwind or tailwind.
I'm thinking about airliners flying eastward across the Atlantic during the winter usually have a high groundspeed due to the strong jet streams.
Let’s suppose that we have an aircraft flying at 500 kts TAS in a 100 kt tailwind (due to a jetsream). Our TAS is 500 kts (measured relative to the air around us) and our mach number is 500 kts / LSS. Our ground speed will be 500 kts TAS + 100 kts Tailwind = 600 kts.
Whether or not we are able to increase speed to exceed the LSS will depend upon the design of the aircraft and it’s engines. But it will not be affected by any headwind or tailwind.
Last edited by keith williams; 9th Aug 2017 at 21:06.
I have flown a B747 in these two conditions:
A/ Mach 0.85 TAS 500kts Groundspeed 720kts
B/ Mach 0.85 TAS 500kts Groundspeed 360kts
I don't think I caused a sonic boom in A/
A/ Mach 0.85 TAS 500kts Groundspeed 720kts
B/ Mach 0.85 TAS 500kts Groundspeed 360kts
I don't think I caused a sonic boom in A/
Several large transport category aircraft have exceeded speed of sound usually in a screaming emergency. No pun intended.
Some as part of their certification process.
http://www.pprune.org/spectators-balcony-spotters-corner/207766-citation-x-supersonic.html
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Flight_841_(1979)
http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/i-was-there-when-the-dc-8-went-supersonic-27846699/
Some as part of their certification process.
http://www.pprune.org/spectators-balcony-spotters-corner/207766-citation-x-supersonic.html
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Flight_841_(1979)
http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/i-was-there-when-the-dc-8-went-supersonic-27846699/
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Or to put it another way, a balloon in a jet stream could be travelling at 150kts with a TAS of zero and you wouldn't feel a breath of wind.
Best GS in an airliner 733kts
I'm sure it'll be beaten by someone on here 787/VC10 perhaps.
Best GS in an airliner 733kts
I'm sure it'll be beaten by someone on here 787/VC10 perhaps.
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Whilst not undermining your experience, I must say that everywhere I have come across the acronym 'LSS' it has been in reference to the local speed of sound. It has never been used in reference to static stability on the longitudinal axis according to the materials and exam questions I have come across.
As I did my BEng, PhD and ETPS before my CPL, I may have just mentally mapped this bit of terminology to the technically correct "c" used everywhere else to my CPL groundschool notes without noticing I suppose. I'll take a glance at my old CATS groundschool notes at some point just out of curiosity.
Speed of sound is relative to the motion of the medium through which the sound is passing, not like speed of light which is an absolute. This is because c is based upon transmission of energy between adjacent molecules, not a transmission through space of energy.
When you start to worry about the speed of light, in any context than GPS or DME accuracy, let me know
When you start to worry about the speed of light, in any context than GPS or DME accuracy, let me know
Just remember that you're standing on a planet that's evolving
And revolving at 900 miles an hour.
It's orbiting at 19 miles a second, so it's reckoned,
The sun that is the source of all our power.
Now the sun, and you and me, and all the stars that we can see,
Are moving at a million miles a day,
In the outer spiral arm, at 40,000 miles an hour,
Of a galaxy we call the Milky Way.
Mind you, he then went on to say:
Our universe itself keeps on expanding and expanding,
In all of the directions it can whiz;
As fast as it can go, at the speed of light, you know,
Twelve million miles a minute and that's the fastest speed there is.
So remember, when you're feeling very small and insecure,
How amazingly unlikely is your birth;
And pray that there's intelligent life somewhere out in space,
'Cause there's bugger all down here on Earth!
So you might think carefully before taking him too seriously...
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As I did my BEng, PhD and ETPS before my CPL, I may have just mentally mapped this bit of terminology to the technically correct "c" used everywhere else to my CPL groundschool notes without noticing I suppose. I'll take a glance at my old CATS groundschool notes at some point just out of curiosity.
E=mc^2, remember?
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I have a couple hours between flights, am quite bored sitting in the terminal here, and I am in that sort of mind to go down this path, so this is more for my own amusement:
Well, that's kind of putting the cart before the horse. "c" only denotes speed of light in that equation as that is how it has come to be defined over time:
That is taken from the English translation of Einsteins "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?"
However, if we look at the original 1905 paper:
it is clear that Einstein stated that "V," and not "c," would denote the speed of light.
The equation was rewritten in 1946 to the current form and has since been backdated in many English translations to fit the narrative.
Therefore, "c," in of itself, does not distinguish the speed of light for all equations in perpetuity, even though that is how it has come to be taken. I can write any equation where I include "c" as a variable, as long as I define it as such. Algebra has no specific set variables.
The same can be said of "F" for force or "v" for velocity. I can use either in any other equation for any other term, as long as I state what each will mean. Indeed, any algebraic equation always starts with something along the lines of "Let "x" equal..." for this very reason.
Alright, I have that out of my system. Have a great day all!
c = speed of light, not sound.
E=mc^2, remember?
E=mc^2, remember?
...where c denotes the velocity of light.
However, if we look at the original 1905 paper:
wobei V die Lichtgeschwindigkeit bedeutet.
The equation was rewritten in 1946 to the current form and has since been backdated in many English translations to fit the narrative.
Therefore, "c," in of itself, does not distinguish the speed of light for all equations in perpetuity, even though that is how it has come to be taken. I can write any equation where I include "c" as a variable, as long as I define it as such. Algebra has no specific set variables.
The same can be said of "F" for force or "v" for velocity. I can use either in any other equation for any other term, as long as I state what each will mean. Indeed, any algebraic equation always starts with something along the lines of "Let "x" equal..." for this very reason.
Alright, I have that out of my system. Have a great day all!
One of the curious facts regarding the speed of light is that virtually everyone knows that it is constant. This is curious, in that the speed of light is not constant, but it depends upon the material through which the light is passing.
The speed of light in a vacuum is constant, but when light passes through any transparent material it's speed is slower.
Also while I am being pedantic.
Longitudinal stability acts around the lateral axis.
Lateral stability acts around the longitudinal axis.
Pedantic mode OFF!
The speed of light in a vacuum is constant, but when light passes through any transparent material it's speed is slower.
Also while I am being pedantic.
It has never been used in reference to static stability on the longitudinal axis
Lateral stability acts around the longitudinal axis.
Pedantic mode OFF!