Over in NZ, the answer to both is a resounding No! In most circumstances anyway. Several Schools here market themselves almost entirely to international students, mostly from India or China.
You would be suprised how low the number of Australian citizen CPL issues actually is.
It is the same in the USA and Europe.
Ever wonder why some airlines are guaranteeing loans and paying for training again, from ab-initio to airline?
https://www.pilotcareernews.com/brit...lot-programme/
JQ and other bottom feeder airlines who model themselves on Ryanair are by definition in big trouble. Whether paying for endorsements or simulators and uniforms, these cost will instead be something the employer is responsible for again; simply called cost of business.
Those old enough may remember 'On the Beach' which had Australia as the last place unaffected by the nuclear war, but eventually (spoiler alert) the radiation got to Australia. Apologies to Nevil Shute!
This shortage is real, not cyclical and despite Boeing and Airbus marketing pilot costs won't be solved by pilot-less aircraft anytime soon. Whilst it is clear heavily adversarial airlines will not embrace this paradigm shift as a welcome change, it may well be something that is forced upon them.
Sadly for O'Leary et al, unlimited supply is no longer assured.