Winds and why they are different.
Aviation winds are measured at a 10 meter height, that is fixed by criteria. There only has to be one sensor, but usually there are more.
Winds are reported typically reported in degrees true, but follow the rule "If you read it, it is true, if you hear it, it is magnetic"
ATIS
Wind velocity is based on a 2 minute average, reported at 10 minute intervals. Gusts are the highest and lowest gusts within a 10 minute period. It is updated if the wind direction changes more than 30 degrees or the 2 minute average changes by more than 5 kts. Winds are reported in degrees true.
ATC winds
Winds are based on a 2 minute average updated with measurements every minute. ATC also has instantaneous winds (1 minute measurement) that can be reported if there are greater fluctuations to speed and direction. ATC wind calls are the instant value and in degrees magnetic.
METAR winds
METAR winds are based on the 10 minute average, with 2 minute measurements. Winds are updated every 10 minutes. Winds are updated more frequently if the wind direction changes more than 60 degrees and/or mean windspeed changes by more than 10 kts. Reported in degrees true.
Winds Aloft
Winds aloft measurements are usually taken once a day (weather permitting) with an anemometer attached to a balloon. This usually in the middle of the night when there is little air traffic.
That group of enclosures lined up before RW16 at Melbourne is for measuring the winds and wake turbulence. The wind column with wind direction, horizontal and vertical winds are measured up to 800 meters, reported in 5m intervals, measured every 20 seconds.