As staircase says; When I joined the VC10 fleet in 1969 we had to navigate using VOR's and NB's and the 'heading select' knob. We used Aerad charts to find the tracks. I remember that there was a line across the track indicating where one should tune the next VOR (the position depended on the relative strength of the VORs). Is this line still there, or has GPS made it redundant?
When there were no ground aids we would have to navigate using the stars and loran. Most of the time we thought that we knew where we were.