To: Robbert
Try this:
Design of a Propeller
The computer program is based on the formulas presented in [10] (comparison Adkins vs. Larrabee). Based on the theory of the optimum propeller (as developed by Betz, Prandtl, Glauert), only a small number of design parameters must be specified. These are
the number of blades B,
the axial velocity v of the flow (flight speed or boat speed),
the diameter D of the propeller,
the selected distribution of airfoil lift and drag coefficients Cl and Cd along the radius,
the desired thrust T or the available shaft power P,
the density rho of the medium (air: ~1.22 kg/m³, water: ~1000 kg/m³).
The design procedure then creates the blade geometry in terms of the chord distribution along the radius as well as the dirstribution of the blade angle. When you have a look at the resulting geometry, you might understand why highly efficient propellers for man powered aircraft, indoor free flight models or FAI-F1B rubber powered models look as they look like. The local chord length c depends mainly on the prescribed lift coefficient Cl - if you would like to have wider blades, you have to chose a smaller design lift coefficient (resp. angle of attack) and vice versa. If you receive nonsense values for the blade chord, the power loading of the propeller is probably too high. Check if the power coefficient Pc is less that 1.5, otherwise the theory is not fully applicable and may lead to errors.
The Number of Blades
The number of blades has a small effect on the efficiency only. Usually a proeller with more blades will preform slightly better, as it distributes its power and thrust more evenly in its wake. But for a given power or thrust, more blades also mean more narrow blades with reduced chord length, so practical limits have to be considered here. The chord length can be increased by decreasing the diameter, but this is usually a bad idea in terms of efficiency, as long as the tip mach number or tip cavitation is not an issue.
The Velocity
The velocity of the incoming fluid together with the velocity of rotation (r.p.m.) determines the pitch distribution of the propeller. Large pitch propellers may have a good efficiency in their design point, but may run into trouble when the have to operate at axial velocity. In this case, the blades tend to stall. usually the best overall propellers will have a pitch to diameter ratio in the order of 1.
The Diameter
The proeller diameter has a big impact on performance. Usually a larger propeller will have a higher efficiency, as it catches more incoming fluid and distributes its power and thrust on a larger fluid volume. The same effect can be shown for lifting surfaces, which results in sailplanes having large span but slender wings.
Lift and Drag Distributions
Instead of the lift and drag coefficients, it usually convenient to specify an airfoil with a prescribed polar and the design angle of attack at each radius. In JavaProp, four definition sections are spread along the radius where airfoil and the design angle of attack can be prescribed. The distribution of Cl and Cd along the radius can be examined later by performing an analysis for the design point. For maximum performance, the airfoils must operate at maximum L/D. But if the propeller should also work reasonable well under off-design conditions, it is usually necessary to use a lower angle of attack for the design. Again, you can check the Cl and Cd distributions for off-design cases by performing several single off-design analysis for different settings of the flow velocity v. Stall should occur gently when the velocity is reduced. The analysis code will probably give unreliable results for very small velocities.
The Fluid Density
The density of the fluid has no influence on the efficiency of a propeller, but strongly affects its size and shape. As the forces and the power are directly proportional to the fluid density, a hydropropeller will have much smaller dimensions than a propeller working in air. Also, lifting surface under water tend to develop caviation when the local pressure of the flowfield falls below the vapor pressure. Therefore it is not possible to use high lift coefficnect in hydroprops, usually they have to stay below Cl = 0.5. The same is true for high speed tips of aircraft propellers, where no cavitation, but supersonic regions may occur if the pressure gets too low. Therefore the tip sections of propellers opearting at Mach numbers above 0.7 should be designed to operate at small lift coefficients below 0.5 too. The analysis module of JavaProp uses the fluid density from the Design page to calculate thrust and power during the multipoint analysis. The dimensionless coefficients Ct and Cp are not affected by a variation of density, but the thrust and power are. Thus a propeller engine combination will find different operating points depending on the fluid density. This makes a difference for aircraft propellers, where the performance of propeller and engine depends on the altitude.
last modification of this page: 01.01.01
I got this off the internet under Model Propeller Design. There are a lot of computer design programs on this site.
Good luck in the contest.
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The Cat
[This message has been edited by Lu Zuckerman (edited 11 January 2001).]