As I understand it, take off segments began with the early jets 707 and 720 and stemmed from ICAO in the late 40s early 50s.
If you can get hold of ICAO Annex 8 you should be able to find some early references in the amendment record at the front.
There's an excellent FAA NBAA video that goes into details on the Take off segments and a little bit of why they are this way.
https://www.google.ie/url?sa=t&rct=j...FCMmOoiQQyyAXQ