Years ago, I learned one thing to my cost after an incident at Alice Springs where an Ansett 727 and a DCA F27 were involved. The F27 captain was more or less hung out to dry on the evidence of an ATC transcript. A clerk did the transcription from the tape to paper but wrote what he thought was said on the ATC tape. In fact he guessed what was said and wrote it down.
For example the request by the F27 pilot "Request Airways clearance" while at the holding point at Alice Springs, was transcribed as "Are we clear" There were several similar mistakes by the transcriber which changed the whole context of the event. Moral of the story is that those involved in such incidents should ensure they are permitted to listen to the tapes themselves and not blindly accept the transcribed version.