There is no minimum distance from destination requirement but alternate itself is not required in certain conditions.
Destination alternate. An alternate aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed should it become either impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended landing.
For a flight to be conducted in accordance with the
instrument flight rules, at least one destination alternate aerodrome shall be selected and specified in the operational and ATS flight plans, unless: a) the duration of the flight and the meteorological conditions prevailing are such that there is reasonable certainty that, at the estimated time of arrival at the aerodrome of intended landing, and for a reasonable period before and after such time, the approach and landing may be made under
visual meteorological conditions; or b) the aerodrome of intended landing is isolated and there is no suitable destination alternate aerodrome. Note: The aerodrome from which a flight departs may also be an en-route or a destination alternate aerodrome for that flight.
(ICAO Annex 6: Operation of Aircraft, Chapter 4, Section 4.3.4)