From the ATC side, the details will be recorded (reason, weather, aircraft ahead etc etc) for data collection in order to identify trends.
This will then throw up things such as one airline may be having a few more missed approaches than average due to unstabilised approaches, or a certain new airline is causing more than its fair share of go-arounds due to runway occupancy. We will then go and talk with the idenitified airlines to discuss the issues with them and that will hopefully result in an improvement, which might be a better appreciation for high intensity runway ops, or perhaps a small tweak in airline SOPs.
For a standard mised approach, where nothing else happened, then there will not be any more done in terms of investigation.