I did my CPL in 1985. Most of the training was in a Seneca 1 (VH-MEP if anyone is interested
) and every second Navex was 'you will assume that all navaids and the autopilot have failed!' So it was handflying, navigating via WACs, time intervals and Jeppesen 'prayer wheels.'
As I taxied out for my CPL Flight test the Examiner said,
"For the purpose of this flight you will assume that all navaids and the autopilot are unserviceable.'
Was it not the normal state of things then?
How are they training CPLs these days?