LYKA,
1, AOA is the angle the aerofoil makes with the datum , the horizon. FPA (Flight path angle)is zero in level flight.So...when you increase the camber of the aerofoil ie. by extending flaps and slats the AOA increases and the lift increases thereby creating a buoyancy effect which has to be counteracted by applying down elevator to maintain level flight and a constant FPA. In answer to your question..The AOA increases.
2, As an approximation, use your forefinger to measure distance between 2 waypoints not to far apart on the chart and you will know how many miles your finger measures on a Jepp chart.
3,This is a tricky one.......here is what i feel. A clearway at the end of the RWY will increase your RTOW in the same way as if there was an obstacle close to the RWY one would have to reduce RTOW./ A clearway will have no effect on V1. I will however be open to more logical views.
4, A stopway will increase ASDA 'cos you have more rwy to accelerate and then stop. It will have no effect on TORA.It will increase TODA.
5,As height increases more power is needed to maintain level flight and less power is available. An airplane is said to have reached it's absolute ceiling when full climb thrust is needed to maintain level flight.Service ceiling is defined as the altitude at which the ROC has reduced to a 100fpm.
6, There is no such thing as a critical engine on a jet.