Astro, as taught 25 years ago to FJ navs was that if it was morning the Sun was East and afternoon it were West. Between the two its direction changed 15 degrees every hour.
I think they were taught sunrise and sunset.
As for limited aids navigation, follow the shepherd or ask for radar steers. Anything more sophisticated was unnecessary as the jet didn't fly very far or very long.
Of course, 25 years later, most of those assumptions are wrong - fewer radars, longer endurance and flying in less hospitable climes.