Studies
IanW: Indeed there are...... Yerkes and Dodson developed ...the inverted U.
My point is also asking whether a person overseeing an automated system has "farther to go" to catch up specifically in the case of very rapidly changing events. In all but rare cases this wouldn't matter because time available allows it, as low accident rates show. But in a very rapidly developing situation is there a response time penalty for all pilots flying in an overseer role compared to a hand flying role? If so at what point does that time penalty become long enough that success or failure is determined by it? Another way to put it would be to ask at what point the rapidity of events cascades to apparently become insurmountable in the "success" time available, comparing overseer and hand piloting roles. I think a lot of people would attest that there is a rhythm to flying, where one is physically as well as mentally engaged.