1) Turbo pump is as you describe; it pressurizes the fuel and oxidizer (separately) to motivate those fluids to enter the rocket chamber, which is a high-pressure zone. Without pumps, the rocket gases would reverse-flow into the tanks - BAD news!
2) Thrust chamber - this term seems ambiguous to me so I'll pass.
3) Regenerative cooling is nearly universal; in cooling the shell of the engine, the fuel or oxidizer is boiled so it enters the engine combustion zone as a gas.