The current Ebola outbreak in Africa is dominating headlines globally. But Dr Seth Berkley, CEO of the GAVI Alliance questions why this is - rather than any of the other deadly diseases which exist. He suggests it's because people in the 'west' have forgotten what it is like to deal with an untreatable disease. That, plus fear-inducing descriptions that have been doing the rounds in the media lately.
E.g.
It starts with familiar flu-like symptoms: a mild fever, headache, muscle and joint pains. But within days this can quickly descend into something more exotic and frightening: vomiting and diarrhoea, followed by bleeding from the gums, the nose and gastrointestinal tract. Death comes in the form of either organ failure or low blood pressure caused by the extreme loss of fluids.
However, this is not a description of an Ebola infection but rather '‘
Dengue Shock Syndrome’, an extreme form of dengue fever, a mosquito-borne disease that struggles to make the news.
Yes, Ebola is without a doubt a truly horrible disease, but then there are many other bad ones that kill far more. So, why is it that Ebola is grabbing headlines and other deadly diseases are not? Is it because people in Africa are suddenly dying? That seems unlikely.
Dengue has a relatively low death rate, but it still kills up to 20,000 of the half a million people who are infected every year; that's an order of magnitude more than the worst Ebola outbreak, and yet it is barely a fifth of the number whom are killed by measles every year.
And when you start to look at pathogens like pneumococcal and rotavirus - causes of the two biggest childhood killers, pneumonia and diarrhoea - the number of deaths rapidly climbs up into the high hundreds of thousands.
But then so many other diseases are more infectious, like measles (
through air-droplets), and hepatitis B (
which is transmitted by similar means to HIV, but 50x more infectious).
Perhaps then it has something to do with the fact that there is no cure and that 50%-90% of people infected with Ebola will inevitably die? Possibly, but then there is no cure for rabies either, and once someone develops symptoms they are almost 100% likely to die a slow and painful death, unless, that is, they have been vaccinated post-exposure. And herein lies a clue.
The fact is, while Ebola likely means a painful and isolated death, away from loved ones, there are other diseases that are horrific and equally deserving of both our fear and respect; diseases which, like Ebola, are still dreaded in West Africa and beyond, and which regularly kill hundreds of thousands of people throughout the world's poorest countries.
However, in wealthy countries, thanks to the availability of modern medicines, many of these diseases can now usually be treated or cured, and thanks to vaccines they rarely have to be. Because of this, we have simply forgotten what it is like to live under threat of such infectious and deadly diseases, and also forgotten what it means to fear them.
So when an outbreak like this comes along, from the comfort of our relatively disease-free surroundings it is only natural to look on in horror and be terrified by the prospect of something like Ebola making its way to our shores.
But while Ebola remains a genuine concern in West Africa (
i.e. ‘poor’ countries), if it ever did make it to Europe or North America (
i.e. ‘rich’ countries) the chances of it spreading far are remote. This is for two important reasons: first our disease surveillance is more stringent, and second Ebola kills or immobilises its host before they have much of a chance to spread it (
that and certain cultural differences to do with how we nurse sick people and / or deal with them when they die).
In reality, a bigger concern far closer to home is that some diseases which we once vanquished, like measles, rubella and pertussis, are now making a comeback.
Thanks to an insidious complacency (
coupled with the stupidity of the anti-vaxer’s), we have seen significant drops in vaccination rates in many parts of the western world, to the extent that diseases are not only coming back, but doing so to levels where WE are actually exporting them to poorer countries.
You certainly have to ask why we should be seeing deaths from diseases we have previously wiped out, and for which we have safe and effective vaccinations, and yet in these same wealthy countries people are now asking why there isn't an Ebola vaccine?
So the fact that this Ebola outbreak has received so much attention is actually something to be applauded.
For one thing it may help to accelerate the progress of some of the quite promising candidate drug treatments and vaccines whose development have otherwise been stalling. More of a certainty is that it will help bring in improved emergency response plans in affected countries, measures which could help prevent any future outbreaks from spreading quite so fast and so far.
For people in West Africa who are currently trying to get through this terrible outbreak that will be of little comfort.
Even so, if casting the international spotlight onto Ebola helps to bring our notions of risk perception into sharper focus then that can't be a bad thing - not just in terms of boosting immunisation rates at home.
But also if it helps to remind us that Ebola is not the exception, but rather just one example of the terrible norm - where thousands of men, women and children are dying from a range of horrible diseases every day - then perhaps that will bring the world a step closer to doing more about it.
Global deaths from various diseases:
- Dengue fever: up to 20,000 annually
- Measles (in 2012): 122,000 deaths
- Ebola (2014 outbreak): +930 people