I think your mistake is assuming that all the values are calculated.
in practise they are not.
what far 23 is all about is setting strength standards that allow for foreseeable gust loads in typical operating environments.
this saves a designer from having to do laborious calculations of gust likelihood and effect.
design to the far strengths for each category and the loads will work out ok in practise.
Vne is 90% of whatever was demonstrated during test flying as Vd. Vd is actually reached in flight during the test. if flutter is not experienced at Vd then that sets the value of Vne.
in your diagram the outer edge of the white and green represents the "limit" load.
the outer edge of the yellow is the "ultimate" load.
as a designer you can expect all loads caused by the pilot to be within the limit load.
between the limit strength and the ultimate strength the pilot can expect damage to occur but not damage that would prove fatal.
the aircraft is typically designed to be just stronger than the calculated "ultimate" strength.
Last edited by dubbleyew eight; 28th Jun 2014 at 14:30.