There is also the situation , where the Pax has had to take control when the Pilot has become incapacitated or died.
After arrival, (usually via "on the job" instruction over the radio )
does the Pax get a logbook with the PIC time recorded?
Do the CAA issue a notice of an offence being committed....unqualified pilot with unqualified instructor?
-even they wouldn't be daft enough to issue proceedings in that instance......would they?
Not so long since, a Coach driver collapsed at the wheel, a Pax realised and leaned over and steered the coach to a safe halt. there was no suggestion that he would be prosecuted for driving without a licence for the class.