(Just talking about static stability here, dynamic stability is much more complicated)
Longitudinal stability = pitch stability = speed stability = stick force (or displacement) per airspeed change. Affected by tailplane size, longitudinal dihedral (which is the difference in incidence between the mainplane and stabiliser), washout (in a swept wing), control system gearing.
[Close relative, manoeuvre stability which is (pull) stick-force per g.]
Directional stability = weathercock effect = yawing moment due to sideslip Achieved by sweep, or by having more side area behind the CG than in front of it - area a long way behind the CG is more useful than just behind - hence the fact we put the tail at the back.
Lateral stability = dihedral effect = pendular stability = rolling moment due to sideslip. Achieved by sweep, dihedral, having the CG below the wing.
And don't let anybody convince you that you need lots of any of these, you need the right amount of all of them. Too much longstab and the pitch control forces are too high, too much lat-stab and the aircraft rolls too much in turbulence, too much directional stab and it yaws too much in turbulence, also you will struggle to kick off drift in a crosswind landing.
Hope this helps,
G