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Thread: Trimmed Turns
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Old 5th Mar 2003, 10:11
  #10 (permalink)  
Nick Lappos
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Some thoughts:

Autopilots have two general philosophies that serve this issue. The type that Sikorsky generally builds uses a "fly through" concept, where the pilot can move the stick against trim, and some degree of smooth acceptance by the autopilot keeps things stable. This requires attention in design and development, usually by turning off the computational integrators in pitch and roll. Integrators look for an unsatisfied command and increase that command over time to build up a larger correction. This forces the aircraft back to trim over time. In a fly-through system, stick sensors detect your stick movement and shift the stability system integrators off, so the system behavior is acceptable.

On non-fly-through autopilots, the integrators are never turned off, so if you move the stick, the autopilot sees you as another form of outside disturbence, and works up an ever-increasing correction to wipe your input out. In such a system, if you push the stick and the system works up large corrections, when you let go you can be in for an awful experience as the big correction drives you wildly into an opposite maneuver, at least until the integrated correction gradually washes out.

Some specific examples of each: Fly-through is an S-76 cyclic, any version, not coupled. Non-fly-through is a coupled S-76 with the Honeywell autopilot.

The idea that you have a "wings leveler" system to help you out if you are disoriented is probably one of those bright ideas that looks great in the snack bar, but serves little use in the cockpit. If you are truly disoriented, the last thing you will do is let go of the stick! In fact, the first thing you will do is distrust the machine, and search for the fault - the classic cockpit voice recording is "My gyros have tumbled, all of them!"

That being said, the typical problem in disorientation is seldom an attitude problem, it is a sneaky descent or geographic disorientation that cause CFIT (controlled flight into terrain). The emphasis on "Controlled" bears discussion. It is the cumulus granite cloud that gets us, the ground that's not supposed to be there.

Want to survive disorientation? Trim the cyclic any way you want, then buy an EGPWS.