At least Melbourne (YMEL) was put out in the sticks with planning restrictions in a futile attempt to limit the problem. For the first few years, things were great .. now it's a real bind to meet the various noise requirements.
Exactly why we werent allowed to publish the RNP tracks for MEL, especially the EO missed, as the people in Diggers Rest didnt want 'an airplane on fire going over their house'
Current standard for Airbus RNP is 2.8 GPA so they can manage the energy...
CDA will help with this, but good luck with CDA in the US...