I'm going to go slightly against the consensus here. These are terrible questions, I am almost certain they are not from the JAA CQB. If they are 'school questions' the school involved should be ashamed.
The correct answer to the first one is (b) for the reasons given above by Flaymy and others, the correct answers for the second one are both (b) and (c) because it is equally possible to add (or subtract) deviation to magnetic heading to get the required compass heading or to apply deviation to compass heading to find magnetic heading.