Re surprise see:-
http://www.pprune.org/safety-crm-qa-...ml#post7113960
Situation awareness is a central aspect of this and many other accidents.
The crew may have understood the situation, but choose an inappropriate action; alternatively the crew failed to comprehend the situation and thus the action was incorrect.
See the ‘surprise’ reference and the problems of hindsight, when fundamental surprise can biased towards situational surprise and thus hinders learning – safety improvement.
Classic ref for Aviation Decision Making:-
http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~johnson/pa...ithlynne-p.pdf