Your questions are answered in the FAA's AC No: 120-66B:
Aviation Safety Action Program (ASAP)
"... The objective of the ASAP is to encourage air carrier and repair station employees to voluntarily report safety information that may be critical to identifying potential precursors to accidents. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has determined that identifying these precursors is essential to further reducing the already low accident rate. Under an ASAP, safety issues are resolved through corrective action rather than through punishment or discipline...."
"... a no-discipline clause in most ASAP MOU [?] ..."
"... Events involving possible noncompliance with 14 CFR by ESA that are discovered under this program may be handled under the Voluntary Disclosure Policy, provided that ESA voluntarily reports the possible noncompliance to the FAA and that the other elements of that policy are met. (See the current version of AC 00-58, Voluntary Disclosure Reporting Program, FAA Order 2150.3A, Compliance and Enforcement Program, and Compliance/Enforcement Bulletin No. 90-6.)..."