No you can't.
In very simple terms the ADSL Modem senses the broadband signal and then communicates with the Internet Service Provider's servers with log in name and password amongst other things.
The way it all works means that only one ADSL Modem on the line will work. In the early days of broadband and before I knew a little bit more about it I actually tried what you are asking!
It is possible to use repeater station(s) to solve the problem but I have never done so. I have used units like 'Homeplugs' which utilise the house wiring to transmit ethernet signals but they do not, I believe, comply with radio spectrum interference legislation. See
here.