Probably not easily, no.
SQLDumper is basically a process that dumps SQL errors when Microsoft SQL Server crashes. As you're a computer illiterate I wouldn't know why you would need SQL Server installed on a desktop machine in the first place unless it was installed as part of some 3rd party software you have. The solution to this one is to uninstall and reinstall SQL Server, however I don't think this is the cause, it's more likely just a symptom.
More worrying is the inability to detect and install plug&play devices such as your iPod, and to write to your external hard drive.
I would suggest you take the PC to someone who knows what they're doing, as this is unlikely to be easily troubleshot in a forum unless someone else has come across this sequence of issues before and knows what to do straight away. Any amateur fumbling when trying to follow a disorganised set of replies from people here is likely to make things worse rather than better.
It might be something easy to fix, but then again it might be that you'd be better off with a format and rebuild. You won't know this until you get someone sat at it who knows what to look for and has enough time to troubleshoot.
HTH.
Mike.