Recovery steps in the sequence I would attempt:
1) Last Known Good.
2) Repair (i.e. choose install, but then select repair existing) - only do this with actual installation media.
3) Put disk into another PC, or connect it to another PC via USB (caddy or direct IDE/SATA-USB connector) to copy data off.
4) Boot a live Linux as has been mentioned to move data somewhere else.
SD