Hi Rans6...
You may need to download the various development tools on Ubuntu, but the Synaptic Package Manager will take care of all that for you. I tend to go into Synaptic then use the Search & look at what's available. Synaptic will install any dependencies as well.
The Ubuntu repositories also have a few IDEs available, again downloadable via Synaptic. I see some mention of Eclipse elsewehere, but I'd suggest you take a look at NetBeans which has a number of tutorials on the NetBeans web site.
If you are interested in erring towards the Microsoft way, then Mono is also available via Synaptic. Mono, which has its roots in Novell (but MS have a hand in it) is a .NET(-ish) implementation on Linux and includes a C# compiler.
Finally there are some good online books around, the "Think like a Computer Scientist" series are around in various places, and Bruce Eckel books include a C one somewhere
Anyway, have fun