A business jet came close to a mid-air collision with a Turkish Airlines passenger plane after taking off from London City Airport, a report has said.
The Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) study described the near-miss over London as a "serious incident".
The Citation 525 jet was about 100ft to 200ft below and half a mile away from the Boeing 777 passenger plane, heading to Heathrow with 232 people on board.
The near-miss happened on 27 July when both aircraft were at about 4,000ft.
The report said the control tower at London City Airport had cleared the German-owned business jet to climb to 3,000ft but when the flight crew acknowledged the instruction, they said they would be climbing to 4,000ft.
This instruction from the plane - a "readback" mistake - was not noticed by the controller at the tower, the AAIB said.
'Commands not followed'
Meanwhile, the Turkish flight had been cleared to descend to 4,000ft as it approached Heathrow Airport in west London.
If the planes had come close during bad weather "the only barrier to a potential mid-air collision" would have been built-in collision-avoidance systems as the aircraft would not have been able to see each other, the AAIB said.
But the report said that when the aircraft came close the Turkish flight crew had not "followed the commands" of three on-board collision-avoidance warnings and the Citation jet did not even have the equipment, known as TCAS II.
It was a pilot sitting on the observer seat of the passenger plane who saw the business jet, carrying two crew members and one passenger, "pass west of them at an estimated 100 to 200ft below", the report said.
In its account the Citation's captain said he had the passenger plane in sight "all the time" and at first thought his jet would be "well above" it.
The AAIB suggested authorities should consider making the TCAS II equipment mandatory for planes flying in the London area.
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BBC News - Jet and Turkish Airlines 777 in 'near-miss' over London