40&80. Your example of the Thai Airways Captain is an interesting one and I am not certain whether it reflects the draconian (or even corrupt) nature of the Turkish or Thai legal system, but it is also reflective of the more widely “the unknown laws” of some of the countries we overfly.
I remember reading sometime in the 80’s or 90’s in the US Airline Pilot Association (ALPA)’s magazine “Airline Pilot” an article which begged the question “is an accident a crime?” This is based on the fact that a crew facing an accident or incident in a foreign country may be subject to quite different proceedings than what they are used to in their home country. For example, a US crew in the USA is free to leave the scene of the accident after completing their duties and doing all they can to save the passengers. At the time, if the same crew would have had an accident in France they would be incarcerated until the facts had been established and resolved. This is one of the additional hazards faced by international flight crews.
What are the legal unknowns that await a crew facing an emergency, taking a prudent decision to divert to, say, Yangon or Mandalay, and running off the end of the runway? Or, as in your example, having a severe turbulence encounter while on descent into Khartoum resulting the severe injury or even death of passengers or crew?