As a doctor with an interest in CRM and non-technical skills teaching (or Crisis Resource Management as it's known here, just to be different), I've used simulators, SOPs and rehearsed drills at a couple of stages during my training.
The most obvious example is life support (BLS and ALS) which is taught and, for the most part, practised as per national SOPs laid down by the resus council.
Medicine has lagged behind in the use of simulation, debriefing and non-technical skills. There are probably a number of reasons for this - the idea of change, a lack of time (both instructor and trainee) and a lack of facilities (even finding a seminar room is a hard task). The introduction of SOPs and checklists is seen negatively by many it's seen to disempower the doctor and create inflexible, unnecessary duplication of effort - there might even be some truth in that.
However, this is changing. Many hospitals, mostly the larger teaching hospitals at the moment, are investing in simulation suites and schedule time for their trainees to participate and feedback. Anaesthetics, as a speciality is leading the way in this.
The introduction of a pass/fail assessment is still a long way off and it probably won't save that many lives but it will eventually come in some form or another.