ShakeSlick!
IŽll have a go at those questions of yours.
1) Vmcg is higher, as the aircraft can not bank into the dead side, and must maintain direction by using rudder only (tiller can not be taken into account).
2) TOW limited by second segment, means that the aircraft must maintain certain climb gradient (diffrent between 2, 3, or 4 engined aircraft) with takeoff power, gear up, takeoff flaps, and an engine failure. These parameters make up the second segment, and is almost always limiting factor in twins. In the second segment a twin needs to do 2.4% gradient, and the net gradient needs to clear all obstacles by 35'. If the obstacle is in the second segment, then the gradient must be higher than above mentioned 2.4%. The only way to acheave this is by making the aircraft lighter, which in turn limits the TOW.
3) For max range, one loads the aircraft so the CG is as aft as possible. This is, so the vertical stabilizer needs to produce as little negative lift as possible.
4) Lift is greatest at takeoff. Than the aircraft is heaviest.