From
http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/2004_10.PDF
"Knowledge of Manual Flying vs Automatic Control
3.7.1 From the initial stages of flying training pilots develop skills to manually control the
flight path in a feed-forward type of behaviour. This means that when recognising an
error in the flight path performance the pilot makes a control input in anticipation of a
desired response – they think ahead in a pro-active manner. However, studies have
shown that pilots operating modern automation for flight path control do not have the
knowledge or understanding to predict the behaviour of the automation based on
detection of an error and selection of a control input. They cannot always predict the
behaviour or feedback cues of the systems modes; as a result it may be said that they
behave in a feedback or reactive manner - they are behind the aircraft.
3.7.2 As illustrated above there is a recognisable difference in the way humans (pilots)
handle certain types of knowledge. The basic skills associated with 'manually flying'
an aircraft are predominantly based on procedural knowledge i.e. how to achieve the
task. However, the use of automation to control the flight path of an aircraft is taught
as declarative knowledge. Pilots are required to manage systems based on a
knowledge that the autoflight system works in a particular fashion. So, the pilot is
faced with the same operational task of controlling the flight path but employs two
different strategies of cognitive behaviour depending upon whether the task is
manually or automatically executed. As discussed above the current requirements for
licence and type rating issue prescribe standards and experience in the procedural
knowledge of manual control of the flight path; however, there are no similar
requirements to ensure appropriate standards and experience for the procedural
knowledge of control of the flight path using automation.
December 2004
CAA Paper 2004/10 Flight Crew Reliance on Automation
Chapter 3 Page 7
3.7.3 It may be concluded that pilots lack the right type of knowledge to deal with control
of the flight path using automation in normal and non-normal situations. This may be
due to incorrect interpretation of existing requirements or lack of a comprehensive
training curriculum that encompasses all aspects of the published requirements. It
suggested that there should be a shift in emphasis in the way automation for flight
path control is taught and trained. Further research is required to identify the cause
and provide a solution."