My sympathies. I too have to say that baggage often doesn't make connections at AMS, an ongoing problem since years!!! It is not entirely KLM's fault. They too are not happy with the situation - which is quite costly to them. They try their best, but are faced with hundreds of "lost" bags per day. The staff I know, I have spoken to them, are all fed up with this.
If it is prescribed medication it should not be a problem with security. Check this out for next time. I ALWAYS take my phone charger in my hand luggage. Basically, when I have to make a connection via AMS (something I try to avoid) I ensure that all things of importance travel with me in my hand luggage.