There's some info on this from Adobe,
here (PDF) - Illustrator 10 is filed under "no support".
Adobe does not recommend installing and running InDesign CS, Photoshop CS, Illustrator CS, GoLIve CS, or earlier versions of any of these products on Windows Vista.
Can you run the installer in a different compatibility mode e.g. Windows 2000? If you can get it to install somehow, you may be able to then go and set compatibility on the program file(s).
It may be that the
program would work, but the
installer won't, in which case it may be possible to "transplant" the program files from another computer. There's no hard-and-fast rule for this, it's down to how many "hooks" a program puts in to the OS on installation.