No, there is no artificial feel like the 737 on the AB. Because it is "fly by wire" handling is different than flying "plain hydraulics" Yes, I think your manual flying skills will deteriorate slightly from "fly by wire". (Why is the stick so damned heavy? Crap! Forgot to trim. Why does the nose pitch up/ down? Aaaah.. Thrust)
No, I have never seen a 737 equipped with fail operational and I don't think I will in the near future. It does have TRK/FPA which is super for NPA etc.
Correct me if I'm wrong (again), but the AB will go to 67 deg AOB manually, but roll back to 33 ish if you let go of the stick. BUT If you have to do 60 deg AOB close to the ground in an airliner you are in a place you shouldn't have put yourself in the first place
Airbus Flight Control Laws
Flying out of ground prox is also excellent on the AB (Not that you should be in that position) FULL THRUST - FULL AFT STCK (and hold)and the A/C will max perform without stalling