The usual filters used in aircraft cabin air systems (made by PALL amongst others
Clearing the Air on Airplane Cabin Air ) will not remove what are commonly (and incorrectly) referred to as 'fumes'. This is because the organic chemicals (like TCP/TOCP) are at a molecular level. The filters WILL remove dust and fibres (large particles) and maybe some oil mist which may have TCP dissolved in it or larger particles with TCP adsorbed onto it. Basically they are a micron-sized tea strainer. Organic chemicals and small oil mist particles get through. If you have ever seen a used filter you would see how well these things work (for dust).
The problem that you have with this issue is that not everyone is affected the same way: a proportion of the population are what the toxicologists call 'hypersusceptible', so it is difficult to know what 'acceptable' levels might be.
Pinkman