A student pilot is a student pilot whether they have a GFPT or not, they still need permission (CAR 5.66) from a flight instructor and must conduct the flight in accordance with that permission. That instructor has the responsibility of ensuing that the flight can be conducted safely and legally.
The way we charge:
Dual = instructor on board whether pilot is a student or not
Supervised Solo = student solo (with or without GFPT, authorising instructor paid for the supervision)
Hire = PPL or higher licence, no permission or supervision required from an instructor.