Sweden decided early in the 60s that they would not rely on their peacetime bases in wartime. They then built a lot (30+) of 2000mx40m runways with qra hardstands at each end, and located the lot in Swedens interior, away from the coast. (The "Bas 60" system)
Quite ambitious since they had 21 peacetime bases.)
These bases had hardstands in large clusters connected to the rwy system via public roads, but no road runways.
Peacetime bases was designated as back up sattelites to the war-bases.
With the advent of cluster munitions and precision munitions on the way the SWAF decided that that system was to vulnerable, and during the 80s about half of the BAS60 bases was upgraded to "BAS90" standard, which included building 2 -4 800m road runways connected to the main one via public roads. Dispersed parking along the roads was also added. The use of 800m road rwys was possible with the introduction of the JA37 Viggen aircraft system.
Today, only a handful of the BAS90 bases are active, and some more are on care and maint. Some of the original BAS60 bases are developed into civilian airports today. (Borlänge, Kristianstad, Storuman)
Training as an ATCO in Sweden, i got to try the ATC sim the SWAF use to train controllers in the very special art of controlling tfc from a dispersed base. Very different indeed.
The road bases have created a few entertaining anecdotes, the best one the Viggen that landed on a road RWY at the Byholma base (Road rwy here:
http://www.flashearth.com/?lat=56.81....7&r=0&src=ggl, main base to the south east), when he was supposed to land on the main 2000m strip. The road was not closed, and when realizing his mistake, the pilot turned around, and took off in the opposite direction. The driver of the Scania timber truck that he flew over just as he was airborne got the shock of his life.
